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Promote learning and skills for young people and adults Education is about giving people the opportunity to develop their po

admin2013-06-02  71
问题             Promote learning and skills for young people and adults
    Education is about giving people the opportunity to develop their potential, their personality and their strengths. This does not merely mean learning new knowledge, but also developing abilities to make the most of life. These are called life skills — including the inner capacities and the practical skills we need.
    Many of the inner capacities — often known as psycho-social skills — cannot be taught as subjects. They are not the same as academic or technical learning. They must rather be modeled and promoted as part of learning, and in particular by teachers. These skills have to do with the way we behave — towards other people, towards ourselves, towards the challenges and problems of life. They include skills in communicating, in making decisions and solving problems, in negotiating and asserting ourselves, in thinking critically and understanding our feelings.
    More practical life skills are the kinds of manual skills we need for the physical tasks we face. Some would include vocational (职业的) skills under the heading of life skills — the ability to lay bricks, sew clothes, catch fish or mend a motorbike. These are skills by which people may earn their livelihood and which are often available to young people leaving school. In fact, very often young people learn psycho-social skills as they learn more practical skills. Learning vocational skills can be a strategy for acquiring both practical and psycho-social skills.
    We need to increase our life skills at every stage of life, so learning them may be part of early childhood education, of primary and secondary education and of adult learning groups.
Importance in learning
    Life skills can be put into the categories that the Jacques Delors report suggested. This report spoke of four pillars of education, which correspond to certain kinds of life skills.
    Learning to know: Thinking abilities, such as problem-solving, critical thinking, decision-making, understanding consequences.
    Learning to be: Personal abilities, such as managing stress and feelings, self-awareness, self-confidence.
    Learning to live together: Social abilities, such as communication, negotiation, teamwork.
    Learning to do: Manual skills, such as practicing what are required for work and tasks.
    In today’s world, all these skills are necessary in order to face rapid change in society. This means that it is important to know how to go on learning as we require new skills for life and work. In addition, we need to know how to cope with the flood of information and turn it into useful knowledge. We also need to learn how to handle change in society and in our own lives.
Nature of life skills
    Life skills are both concrete and abstract. Practical skills can be learned directly as a subject — for example, a learner can take a course in laying bricks and learn that skill. Other life skills, such as self-confidence, self-esteem, and skills for relating to others or thinking critically cannot be taught in such direct ways. They should be part of any learning process, where teachers or facilitators are concerned that learners should not just learn about subjects, but learn how to cope with life and make the most of their potential.
    So these life skills may be learnt when learning other things. For example: Learning literacy may have a big impact on self-esteem, on critical thinking or on communication skills; Learning practical skills such as driving, healthcare or tailoring may increase self-confidence, teach problem-solving processes or help in understanding consequences.
    Whether this is true depends on the mode of teaching — what kinds of thinking, relationship-building and communication the teacher or facilitator exhibits and promotes among the learners.
Progress towards this goal
    This goal would require measuring the individual and collective progress in making the most of learning and of life, or assessing how far human potential is being realized, or estimating how well people cope with change. It is easier to measure the development of practical skills, for instance by counting the number of students who register for vocational skills courses. However, this still may not tell us how effectively these skills are being used.
    The psycho-social skills cannot easily be measured by tests and scores, but become visible in changed behavior. Progress in this area has often been noted by teachers on reports which they make to the parents of their pupils. The teacher’s experience of life, of teaching and of what can be expected from education in the broadest sense serve as a grid through which the growth and development of individuals can be assessed to some extent. This kind of assessment is individual and may never appear in international tables and charts.
Current challenges
    The current challenges relate to these difficulties:
    We need to recognize the importance of life skills — both practical and psycho-social — as part of education which leads to the full development of human potential and to the development of society.
    The links between psycho-social skills and practical skills must be more clearly spelled out, so that educators can promote both together and find effective ways to do this.
    Since life skills are taught as part of a wide range of subjects, teachers need to have training in how to put them across and how to monitor learners’ growth in these areas.
Policy options — what governments should do
    Recognize and actively advocate for the transformational role of education in realizing human potential and in socio-economic development;
    Ensure that curricula and syllabuses address life skills and give learners the opportunity to make real-life applications of knowledge, skills and attitudes;
    Show how life skills of all kinds apply in the world of work, for example, negotiating and communication skills, as well as practical skills;
    Through initial and in-service teacher training, increase the use of active and participatory learning/teaching approaches;
    Examine and adapt the processes and content of education so that there is a balance between academic input and life skills development;
    Make sure that education inspectors look not only for academic progress through teaching and learning, but also progress in the communication, modeling and application of life skills;
    Advocate for the links between primary and (early) secondary education in recognition that the prospect of effective secondary education is an incentive to children, and their parents, to complete primary education successfully.
Policy options — what funding agencies should do
    Support research, exchange and debate, nationally and regionally, on ways of strengthening life skills education;
    Support innovative (创新的) teacher training initiatives in order to embed life skills promotion into subjects across the curriculum and as a fundamental part of what school and education are about;
    Recognize the links between primary and secondary education in ensuring that children develop strong life skills;
    Support, therefore, the early years of secondary education as part of basic education.
By way of initial and in-service teacher training, governments should increase the use of
选项
答案active and participatory learning／teaching approaches
解析 该段提到，通过对教师的岗前和在职培训，增加主动参与式教学法的使用。题干中的By way of对应该段中的Through；governments should increase the use of对应该段中的increase the use of，故of的宾语active and participatory learning／teaching approaches为答案。
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