首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
"Civilization" Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The
"Civilization" Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The
admin
2018-07-24
38
问题
"Civilization"
Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The invention of writing enabled records to be kept, and the use of metals marked a new level of human control over the environment and its resources. Already before 4000 B.C., craftspeople had discovered that metal-bearing rocks could be heated to liquefy metals, which could then be cast in molds to produce tools and weapons that were more useful than stone instruments. Although copper was the first metal to be utilized in producing tools, after 4000 b.c. craftspeople in western Asia discovered that a combination of copper and tin produced bronze, a much harder and more durable metal than copper. Its widespread use has led historians to call the period the Bronze Age; thereafter, from around 3000 to 1200 b.c, bronze was increasingly replaced by iron.
At first, Neolithic settlements were hardly more than villages. But as their inhabitants mastered the art of farming, more complex human societies emerged. As wealth increased, these societies began to develop armies and to build walled cities. By the beginning of the Bronze Age, the concentration of larger numbers of people in the river valleys of Southwest Asia and Egypt was leading to a whole new pattern for human life.
As we have seen, early human beings formed small groups that developed a simple culture that enabled them to survive. As human societies grew and developed greater complexity, a new form of human existence—called civilization—came into being. A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements. Historians have identified a number of basic characteristics of civilization, most of which are evident in the Southwest Asian and Egyptian civilizations. These include (1) an urban focus: cities became the centers of political, economic, social, cultural, and religious development; (2) a distinct religious structure: the gods were deemed crucial to the community’s success, and professional priestly classes, as stewards of the gods’ property, regulated relations with the gods; (3) new political and military structures: an organized government bureaucracy arose to meet the administrative demands of the growing population while armies were organized to gain land and power and for defense; (4) a new social structure based on economic power: while kings and an upper class of priests, political leaders, and warriors dominated, there also existed large groups of free people (farmers, artisans, craftspeople) and at the very bottom, socially, a class of slaves; (5) the development of writing: kings, priests, merchants, and artisans used writing to keep records; and (6) new forms of significant artistic and intellectual activity: monumental architectural structures, usually religious, occupied a prominent place in urban environments.
Why early civilizations developed remains difficult to explain. A Since civilizations developed independently in India, China, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, can general causes be identified that would explain why all of these civilizations emerged? B A number of possible explanations of the beginning of civilization have been suggested. A theory of challenge and response maintains that challenges forced human beings to make efforts that resulted in the rise of civilization. Some scholars have adhered to a material explanation. C Material forces, such as the growth of food surpluses, made possible the specialization of labor and development of large communities with bureaucratic organization. D But the area of the Fertile Crescent, in which civilization emerged in Southwest Asia, was not naturally conducive to agriculture. Abundant food could be produced only with a massive human effort to carefully manage the water, an effort that created the need for organization and bureaucratic control and led to civilized cities. Some historians have argued that nonmaterial forces, primarily religious, provided the sense of unity and purpose that made such organized activities possible. Finally, some scholars doubt that we are capable of ever discovering the actual causes of early civilization.
An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or they are minor points from the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Certain qualities appear to define a civilization.
-
-
-
Answer Choices
A Free citizens who work in professions for pay
B Bureaucracies for the government and armies
C Libraries to house art and written records
D A strategic location near rivers or the sea
E Organized religion, writing, and art
F A densely populated group with a class structure
选项
答案
B, E, F
解析
summarize the passage. Choice A is true, but it is a minor point that is mentioned as an example of the characteristics of a class structure. Choice C may be one of the architectural structures built, but it is not specified. Choice D is true of Mesopotamia and Egypt, but is not developed as a major point.
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/YCfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
WhatrulesapplytotakingdifferentobjectstotheCentre?Matcheachobjectwiththecorrectrule,A-C.Writethecorrectlett
WhatrulesapplytotakingdifferentobjectstotheCentre?Matcheachobjectwiththecorrectrule,A-C.Writethecorrectlett
ChooseTWOletters,A-EWhichTWOproblemsdoSamandthetutoridentifyconcerninggroupassignments?APersonalrelationships.
WhatdidPhoebefinddifficultaboutthedifferentresearchtechniquessheused?ChooseFIVEanswersfromtheboxandwritethe
ChooseTHREEletters,A-ETheinventionofdifferentgearsonabicycleaffectedwhichTHREEofthefollowing?AWheelsizeBBa
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOrecentdevelopmentsinroof-gardenbuildingarementioned?AwaterproofbarriermaterialsBd
Whatadvantagedoesthespeakermentionforeachofthefollowingphysicalactivities?ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwrite
ResearchingtheoriginofmedievalmanuscriptsBackgroundMedievalmanuscripts—handwrittenbooksproducedbetweenthefifth
ResearchingtheoriginofmedievalmanuscriptsBackgroundMedievalmanuscripts—handwrittenbooksproducedbetweenthefifth
(right)balance录音原文中的betweenacademicandrecreationalactivities“在学术和娱乐活动之间”是对题目中的betweenstudyandleisure“在学习和休闲之间”的同义转述。
随机试题
有以下程序#include<stdio.h>main(){charc[2][5]={"6938","8254"},*p[2];inti,j,s=0;f
何谓肝脏假小叶?其形态结构如何?
依据我国《担保法》规定,下列财产不可以抵押的是()。
属于民族文化遗产的有()。
《建设工程施工合同》规定的设计变更范畴不包括( )。
引起个别投资中心的投资利润率提高的投资,一定会使整个企业的剩余收益增加。()
经济活动的参与者是分散的,各自独立,信息不全,结果必然造成经济波动和资源浪费。这反映出市场调节的哪一项缺陷?()
图16-4标出了某地区的运输网:各节点之间的运输能力如表16-10所示(单位:万吨/小时):从节点①到节点⑥的最大运输能力(流量)可以达到(65)万吨/小时。
Americanseat_______________(两倍多的蛋白质)theyactuallyneedeveryday.
A、Aprojectaboutanactress.B、Aprojectaboutamoviedirector.C、Aprojectaboutamovie.D、AprojectaboutEurope.AWhatar
最新回复
(
0
)