首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Among the most powerful engines of modern economic growth have been technological changes that raise output relative to inputs.
Among the most powerful engines of modern economic growth have been technological changes that raise output relative to inputs.
admin
2013-01-29
23
问题
Among the most powerful engines of modern economic growth have been technological changes that raise output relative to inputs. But compared with those of the nineteenth century, technological changes remained minor and sporadic in the colonial period. It preceded the era of the cotton gin, steam power, and the many metallurgical advances that vastly increased the tools available to workers. In iron production, learning by doing and adapting remained the key source of labor and fuel saving in the late colonial period------learning to reduce the fuel input to minimal levels saved on labor needed to gather charcoal and work the forges. Technology remained static and forged sizes constant, however. The evidence in agriculture also indicates no significant leaps in technology------old ways prevailed and farming was typically stable and uniform.
In shipping, the same conclusion is reached. This period preceded the era of iron ships and steam, and both ship material and the power source of ships remained unchanged. Even increasingly complex sails and rigs and the alterations of hull shapes failed to increase ship speed and, in any case, did not represent fundamental advances in knowledge.
As a matter of fact, during the early 17th century, Dutch shipping had already displayed many of the essential characteristics of design, manning, and other input requirements that were found on the most advanced vessels in the western Atlantic in the 1760s and 1770s. The Dutch first introduced the flyboat, or flute, a specialized merchant vessel designed go carry bulk commodities. The flyboat was exceptionally long compared with its width, had a flat bottom, and was lightly built In addition its rig was simple, and its crew size was small. In contrast, English and colonial vessels were built, gunned, and manned more heavily to meet the dual purpose of trade and defense. Their solid construction and armaments were costly------not only in materials but in manpower. Larger crews were needed to handle the more complex riggings on these vessels as well as their guns.
It became evident that the flyboat could be used advantageously in certain bulk trades where the danger of piracy was low. However, in the rich but dangerous trades into the Mediterranean and the West Indies, more costly ships were required. In general, high risks in all colonial waters led to one of the most notable features of 17th century shipping? ------the widespread use of cannons and armaments on trading vessels. Such characteristics were still observed in certain waters throughout much of the 18 th century. Until a-round 1750 in the Caribbean, especially near Jamaica, vessels weighing more than 100 tons were almost always armed and even small vessels usually carried some guns.
Privateering also added to the disorder. As a common practice, nation-states often gave private citizens license to harass the ships of rivals states. These privateering commissions or "letters of marque" were issued without constraint in wartime, and even in peacetime they were occasionally given to citizens who had suffered losses due to the actions of subjects from an offending state. Since privateers frequently ignored the constraints of their commissions, privateering was often difficult to distinguish from common piracy.
Other government policies also tended to aggravate existing sea hazards. Adding to the supply of privateer and pirates, some of the island were deliberately peopled with convicts. Of course, piracy was not confined to the Caribbean. Pirates lurked safely in the inlets of North Carolina, from which they regularly raided vessels trading at Charleston. In 1718 it was exclaimed that "every month brought intelligence of renewed outrages of vessels sacked on the high seas, burned with their cargo, or seized and converted to the nefarious uses of the outlaws. " Local traders, shippers, and government officials in the Carolinas repeatedly solicited the Board of Trade for protection. In desperation, Carolina’s Assembly appropriated funds in 1719 to support private vessels in the hope of driving the pirates from their seas. These pleas and protective actions were mostly in vain, but finally, as the benefits of assuring safe trade lanes rose relative to the costs of eliminating piracy, the Royal Navy took action. By the early 1740s, piracy had been eliminated from the western Atlantic.
The fall of piracy was paralleled by the elimination of ship armaments and the reduction of crew sizes. As such, this was a process of technical diffusion. Without piracy, specialized cargo-carrying vessels similar to the flyboat were designed, thereby substantially reducing the costs of shipping.
One thing that people did to fight against pirates is that______.
选项
A、they appealed to some organizations for aid.
B、they financed private ship to combat pirates.
C、they mobilized more peoples in all walks of like.
D、they bid a high price for the elimination of pirates.
答案
A
解析
本题问的是人们怎样对抗海盗的,倒数第二段中人们为了驱逐海盗,“Local traders,shippers and government officials in the Carolina repeatedly solicited the Board of Trade for protection…Carolina’s Assembly appropriated funds in 1719 to support private vessels…”人们多次向贸易部寻求保护,后卡罗来纳州联合会又集中拨款援助私人船队。B选项是政府行为,C、D选项未被提及。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Ya1O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Whenpeoplearestruckbylightening,theyfalltothegroundasthoughtheywerestruckbyasevereblowtothehead.Afterthe
Accordingtoagrowingnumberofexperts,itisalreadytechnically______toconstructapioneeringspacecolony,poweredbyso
ThementalhealthmovementintheUnitedStatesbeganwithaperiodofconsiderableenlightenment.DorotheaDixwasshockedtof
Forscientistswhostudyhumanevolution,fossilremainsprovidetheonlydirectevidenceofourancientancestors.Accesstoth
ThetraditionalAmericanThanksgivingDaycelebration【1】to1621.【2】thatyearaspecialleastwaspreparedinPlymouth,Massachus
Pinetrees,ofwhichthemamalmostonehundred______,arefoundthroughouttheNorthTemperateZone.
Themediacanimpactcurrentevents.AsagraduatestudentatBerkeleyinthe1960s,Irememberexperiencingtheeventsrelated
GeneralGeorgeWashingtonandhishungry,raggedtroopscrossedtheDelawareRiverfromPennsylvania,surprisedthegarrisonof
JanHendrikSchon’ssuccessseemedtoogoodtobetrue,anditwas.InonlyfouryearsasaphysicistatBellLaboratories,Scho
Scientistsare______certainthatthereisacancer-inhibitingagentinthebloodoftheshark.
随机试题
直接处理潜在僵局的几种方法中被西方学者幽默地称为“润滑策略”的是()
在管理方格理论中,确定管理风格的两类因素是( )
摄影艺术中,根据构思的需要突出黑白两极的鲜明对比而形成()
小儿喂药方法以下哪项不正确
消食药配伍行气药,可用于治疗()消食药配伍补脾调胃药,可用于治疗()
估价师接受委托对于一宗土地的使用权出让价格进行评估,经过估价人员的分析,决定采用基准地价修正法进行评估。请详细介绍一下基准地价修正法及采用此种方法进行估价的过程。
已知A、B工作的紧后工作为C、D。其持续时间分别为3天、4天、2天、5天。A、B工作的最早开始时间为第6天、第4天,则D工作的最早完成时间为第()天。
根据《企业破产法》的规定,属于债务人财产的是()。(2015年回忆版)
Windows下连通性测试命令ping是_______________协议的一个应用。
Cryingishardlyanactivityencouragedbysociety.Tears,betheyofsorrow,anger,orjoy,typicallymakeAmericansfeeluncom
最新回复
(
0
)