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  3. There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, television and video games are

There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, television and video games are

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问题     There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask what’s wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment.
    Most researchers agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex. A 1993 study by the U. S. National Academy of Sciences listed "biological, individual, family, peer, school, and community factors" as all playing their parts.
    Viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals. The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality. Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: " At this time, well over 1,000 studies...point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children.
    Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said) . When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when he weeded out "the most doubtful measures of aggression", only 28% supported a connection.
    The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read "aggressive" or "non-aggressive" words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? The intent of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction.
    Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society.  
Why is there so much violence shown in movies, TV and video games?
选项 A、There is a lot of violence in the real world today.
B、Something has gone wrong with today’s society.
C、Many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed.
D、Showing violence is thought to be entertaining.
答案D
解析 事实细节题。根据题干中的movies，TV and video game将本题出处定位于文章第一段第二句。该句提到，电影、电视和电子游戏中充满枪战和杀戮，人们有理由询问把家庭暴力的录像当成娱乐来播放的社会到底是怎么了，由此可知，电影、电视和电子游戏中表现那么多暴力场面，是因为当今社会把暴力看成一种娱乐，故答案为[D]项。第三段提到看暴力影像会导致现实暴力，[A]项颠倒了因果关系，故排除；[B]项是对“展示暴力被认为具有娱乐性”这一社会现象的评价，并非媒体上充斥暴力的原因，故排除；[C]项文中未提及，故排除。
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