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  3. Florence Nightingale is most remembered as a pioneer of nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods. For most of her n

Florence Nightingale is most remembered as a pioneer of nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods. For most of her n

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问题     Florence Nightingale is most remembered as a pioneer of nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods. For most of her ninety years, Nightingale pushed for reform of the British military health-care system and with that the profession of nursing started to gain the respect it deserved. Unknown to many, however, was her use of new techniques, of statistical analysis, such as during the Crimean War when she plotted the incidence of preventable deaths in the military. She developed a method to prevent the needless deaths caused by unsanitary conditions and the need for reform. With her analysis, Florence Nightingale revolutionized the idea that social phenomena could be objectively measured and subjected to mathematical analysis. She was an innovator in the collection, interpretation, and display of statistics.
    Florence Nightingale’s two greatest life achievements-pioneering of nursing and the reform of hospitals-were amazing considering that most Victorian women of her age group did not attend universities or pursue professional careers.  It was her father, William Nightingale, who believed women, especially his children, should get an education. So Nightingale and her sister learned Italian, Latin, Greek, history, and mathematics. She in particular received excellent early preparation in mathematics.
    During Nightingale’s time at Scutari, she collected data and systematized record-keeping practices. Nightingale was able to use the data as a tool for improving city and military hospitals. Nightingale’s calculations of the death rate showed that with an improvement of sanitary methods, deaths would decrease. In February, 1855, the death rate at the hospital was 42.7 percent of the cases treated. When Nightingale’s sanitary reform was implemented, the death rate declined. Nightingale took her statistical data and represented them graphically.
    As Nightingale demonstrated, statistics provided an organized way of learning and lead to improvements in medical and surgical practices. She also developed a Model Hospital Statistical Form for hospitals to collect and generate consistent data and statistics. She became a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society in 1858 and an honorary member of the American Statistical Association in 1874. Karl Pearson acknowledged Nightingale as a "prophetess" in the development of applied statistics.
What does the word "sanitation" mean in the passage?
选项 A、Medication.
B、Cleanness.
C、Nursing.
D、Reforms
答案B
解析 词义题；这个词在全文中多次出现，因为是主人公Nightingale的主要贡献的一个方面，虽然大部分考生在考前可能不认识这个单词，但阅读中考查我们的是通过上下文的关系来推测词汇含义的能力。通过文章中的分析，我们可以知道，这个词指的是和卫生条件有关的含义，也就是医院等从事医疗服务的机构，它的环境是否足够清洁，符合这个意思的是B选项。其他选项分别表示A医疗，C护理，D改革；将这些意思带回原文，在上下文中都是不通顺的。
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