首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up t
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up t
admin
2010-04-28
76
问题
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science; exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science. (424)
The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ______.
选项
A、sociology end chemistry
B、physics and psychology
C、sociology and psychology
D、physics and chemistry
答案
D
解析
推理判断题。原文的第二段第四句提出,这种趋势的明显表现在需要数学或实验训练的学科领域。显然,D应是最佳选择。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/YjqO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Goodafternoon,folks.Today’stopicis"TryJoggingforFitness".Whenwerunforfitness,exercise,andpleasure,itiscommon
Transportationisthemovementorconveyingofpersonsandgoodsfromonelocationtoanother.Ashumanbeings,fromancienttim
A、Tomthinksitunnecessarytogetacar.B、Tomcan’taffordacarbecausethepriceishigh.C、Tomissoongoingtobuyacar.
Americanstodayhavedifferenteatinghabitsthantheyhadinthepast.Thereisawide【C1】______offoodavailable.Theyhave
EveryoneseemstohateAmerica’slateststabatimmigrationreform,whichwentbeforethefullSenatethisweek.Immigrantgroup
Asapopularsayinggoes:"【C1】______"Goodhealthenablesoneto【C2】______andachievewhathe【C3】______.Withgoodhealthweca
Themomentumisbuildingaheadofnextmonth’sG8summitinScotlandwheretheleadersoftheworld’srichestnationswilldebat
PartofthenewdesignistobeconcernedwiththefollowingEXCEPTAccordingtothepassage,thenewdesignworkinvolves
DarwinandHisTheoryDarwinwasbornin1809asthesonofaphysician.Heearlierplannedtobecomea【1】______intheChur
Whenyouaresmall,allambitionsfallintoonegrandcategory:whenI’mgrownup.WhenI’mgrownup,yousay,I’llgoupins
随机试题
智力
Myfatherwasforemanofasugar-caneplantationinRiopiedras,puertoRico.Myfirstjobwastodrivetheoxenthatplowedthe
目前,种植牙中作为种植体最常用的材料是
依据合同法,下列正确的是:
依据个人所得税的相关规定,下列表述符合个人财产对外转移提交税收证明或完税证明有关规定的是()。
()可表明贷款可正式予以受理。
下列关于经济增加的说法中,错误的是()。
研究证实低出生体重新生儿与成年后的()发生率有关。
你现在只有600元钱,但是有以下五件事情需要用钱,你会怎么办?①你的母亲生病要住院,急需200元的医疗费。②你的手机欠费停机,急需交200元才能开通手机,并且你的领导让你24小时开机。③你的同学要向你借200元钱。④
对于一个经历过贫困童年的富翁来说,他的消费行为有时显得_________。对于大金额的支出,他会随随便便,甚至显得有些铺张浪费;而对于小金额的支出,他则不得不与自己________的吝啬性作斗争。填入划横线部分最恰当的一项是:
最新回复
(
0
)