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  3. Writing Based on Reading and Listening Directions: For this task, you will read a passage about an academic topic and yo

Writing Based on Reading and Listening Directions: For this task, you will read a passage about an academic topic and yo

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问题     Writing Based on Reading and Listening
    Directions:
    For this task, you will read a passage about an academic topic and you will listen to a lecture about the same topic. You may take notes while you read and listen.
    Then you will write a response to a question that asks you about the relationship between the lecture you heard and the reading passage. Try to answer the question as completely as possible using information from the reading passage and the lecture. The question does not ask you to express your personal opinion. You may refer to the reading passage again when you write. You may use your notes to help you answer the question.
    Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on the completeness and accuracy of the content.
    You should allow 3 minutes to read the passage. Then listen to the lecture. Then allow 20 minutes to plan and write your response.
    Write your response in the space provided.
    Reading
    You will have 3 minutes to read the passage.
    The term "database" is one of the many increasingly common words dealing with technology coined in our time. The term refers to an organized collection of data. The data is typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring this information. The modern medical field in particular has benefited a great deal from this innovation.
    Traditionally, medical data was usually recorded on paper, which naturally required an adequate supply of paper and enough space for its storage. So, hospitals had to spend a lot of money on purchasing the paper, having it delivered, and storing it. In addition, paper was made from processed wood, and was not environmentally friendly. Thankfully, due to the advancements in record-keeping technology, if we need to look up a patient’s medical history, there’s no need to waste time and energy storing and referencing paper records; we can simply search a database to find the required information. In this way, computer-based databases of medical records are more economical and efficient than traditional paper records.
    Precision is a necessity in the medical field, as any tiny mistake could become life-threatening. The traditional way of documenting medical records on paper increased the probability of handwritten mistakes. Conversely, when medical records are stored in a database, all records are entered directly into computers, and the computers process the whole message at once. This eliminates common handwriting mistakes and in doing so, leads to better medical care for patients.
    No advanced medical accomplishments can be achieved without years of research. However, research requires numerous experiments and the resulting quantities of data can be difficult for humans to analyze on their own. With the assistance of medical databases and modern computing power, scientists can analyze these vast stores of data in greater depth and with greater speed than ever before, which can lead to medical breakthroughs that benefit all of humanity.
    Then you will hear:
    Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.
    Lecture
   
    Question
    Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on points made in the reading passage.
The modern medical record database can be regarded as a technological product of our age, and again, like any other product, it has its own limitations.
    The superficial convenience brought on by the medical record database cannot cover up its unavailability. Most doctors, in all the years preceding computer technology, have formed the habit of writing medical records on paper. What’s more, imagine this scenario: is it likely that in an emergency, doctors will still choose to turn on the computer and input all the records and pertinent information on a keyboard with 26 letters scattered about arbitrarily? Of course not. Instead, they will find a piece of paper immediately and write down what’s on their minds. Therefore, the expenses put into the transportation and storage of paper cannot actually be saved, because they are necessary in the medical profession.
    When in the process of examining patients, doctors are accustomed to writing medical records on paper, and they often will have nurses or assistants input the data into a computer for them. This method causes more mistakes, because the typists, due to the doctors’ poor handwriting, may confuse one word with another and therefore input the wrong data into the computer. So, medical record databases cannot reduce the possibility of life-threatening mistakes.
    As to the possible benefits of using patients’ medical records as references for future research mentioned in the reading, as everyone with common sense should know, it is absolutely illegal. All patients’ medical records are protected by very stringent laws and cannot be cited easily. Only if the patients themselves agree to publicize their records can hospitals make use of them for future research. Hence, reality is a far cry from being as easy as what was discussed in the reading.
选项
答案 In the reading passage, the author mentions that "database" means an organized collection of data and it particularly benefits modern medicine in many ways. The professor disagrees, and points out flaws with the computerized database approach. First, the reading suggests that the use of paper for medical records is inefficient, expensive, and bad for the environment; in contrast, the use of databases to store medical records is more economical and efficient. Countering this argument, the professor says that doctors are used to jotting down their findings on paper, and it is inconvenient for them to log onto a computer and type in data that could have been written by hand much faster. The next point in the reading is that traditionally, medical data was recorded by hand, and was prone to life-threatening errors just because of sloppy handwriting being misread. On the other hand, the professor argues, digital medical databases will do little to solve this problem. He points out that most doctors have nurses or assistants transcribe their handwritten notes into computers anyway, meaning the likelihood of handwriting being misread is still quite high. Finally, the author suggests that medical record databases are much more convenient for ongoing scientific research, as this information is more easily accessible for analysis. But in the lecture, it’s pointed out that medical records are confidential by law, so most researchers will never have access to information on a medical database anyway. Therefore, databases are not helping to solve any current problems.
解析     对于医疗数据库是好是坏的问题，阅读文章认为它带来了很多好处，比如电子数据库方便而环保，相对于纸质记录更不容易出错，以及易于被研究者使用等。然而听力讲座中，教授却对这三点都进行了驳斥，认为这些方面恰恰也是医疗电子数据库存在问题的地方。
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