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  3. For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to

admin2010-07-24  70
问题      For some time past it has been widely  accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的)“drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
    It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
    Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to“reward” the babies and so taught them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement“switched on” a display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
    Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would“smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because______.
选项 A、the lights were directly related to some basic "drives"
B、the sight of the lights was interesting
C、they need not turn back to watch the lights
D、they succeeded in "switching on" the lights
答案D
解析 推理判断题。最后一段可以看出，Papousek把灯放在婴儿的面前，婴儿并不会看，但是会因为灯亮而开心。结合第三段第四句，可以推断出，婴儿学会简单的动作不是因为可以喝牛奶这种基本需要，因此A不正确；也不是因为灯光有趣，因此B也不正确；C选项说因为他们不需要转过头去看灯光，与原文不符，也不正确。在文章的最后一段最后一句话，Papousek总结出婴儿之所以会学习某些行为是由于解决问题所取得的成功，因此选择D选项，是因为成功打开灯光产生的成就感而开心。
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