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  3. In the early 19th century, French philosopher Auguste Comte proposed a scientific hierarchy ranging from the physical sciences a

In the early 19th century, French philosopher Auguste Comte proposed a scientific hierarchy ranging from the physical sciences a

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问题    In the early 19th century, French philosopher Auguste Comte proposed a scientific hierarchy ranging from the physical sciences at the bottom up through biology to the "queen" of sciences, sociology, at the top. A science of human social behavior, Comte contended, could help humanity make moral and political decisions and construct more efficient Just governments. Today, social science receives much less federal funding than the biological and physical sciences do. Social scientists are accused of being "soft", of working with theories so lacking in precision and predictive power that they don’t deserve to be called scientific.
   Some social scientists—I’ll call them "softies"—shrug off this criticism, because they identify less with physicists and chemists than with scholars in the humanities. 【R1】______
   Other social scientists, "hardies" hope for and believe they can eventually attain the same status as hard science, say, biology. Softies and hardies have been fighting for as long as I can remember. 【R2】______
   The term "sociobiology" became so controversial that it is rarely used today, except by softies as an insult. Hardies nonetheless embraced the tenets of sociobiology. They attached the term "evolutionary" to their fields—creating disciplines such as evolutionary psychology and evolutionary economics—and churned out unreliable conclusions about the adaptive origins of war and capitalism.
   Softies look skeptically at the aspirations of hardies—with good reason. The recent recession provides a powerful demonstration of social science’s limits. 【R3】______
   Even when supported by the latest findings from neuroscience, genetics, and other fields, social science will never approach the precision and predictive power of the hard sciences. 【R4】______
   In contrast, the basic units of social systems—people—are all different from each other; each person who has ever lived is unique in ways that are not trivial but essential to our humanity. 【R5】______
   So we are left with a paradox: Although social science is in many aspects quite weak, it can also be extraordinarily powerful in terms of its impact, for ill or good, on our lives. Here’s a more specific suggestion : Social scientists should not consider identifying with the harder sciences or the humanities. Rather, they should focus more intensely on finding answers to specific problems.
   [A]The world’s smartest economists, equipped with the most sophisticated mathematical models and powerful computers that money can buy, did not foresee—or at any rate could not prevent—the financial calamities that struck the United States and the rest of the world in 2008.
   [B]However, James Weatherall who has a Ph. D. in physics as well as in philosophy pointed out that the methods of hard sciences can help make social sciences more rigorous.
   [C]Stevens Institute of Technology is a case in point;Social science falls within the charge of the Stevens College of Arts & Letters, which also encompasses philosophy, history, literature, music and my own humble discipline, science communication. As far as I can tell, my social-science colleagues aren’t seething with resentment at being lumped together with the humanities folks.
   [D]Each individual mind also keeps changing in response to new experiences—watching Lord of the Rings, having a baby, teaching freshman composition. Imagine how hard physics would be if every electron were the unique product of its entire history.
   [E]Recently, as the prestige of neuroscience has surged, hardies have discovered the benefits of including magnetic-resonance imaging and other brain-scanning experiments in grant proposals, and they have attached the prefix "neuro" to their disciplines, yielding new terms such as neuroeconomics and neuroan-thropology.
   [F]In 1975, for example, the Harvard biologist E.O. Wilson contended in his blockbuster Sociobiology that social science would only become truly scientific by embracing evolutionary theory and genetics. Horrified softies denounced sociobiology as a throwback to social Darwinism and eugenics, two of the most notorious social applications of science.
   [G]Physics addresses phenomena—electrons, elements, gravity—that are relatively simple, stable and amenable to precise mathematical definition. Gravity works in exactly the same way whether you measure it in 17th-century England or 21st-century America. Every neutron is identical to every other neutron.
【R2】
选项
答案F
解析 空格出现在第三段末。空格上文首先介绍硬派观点：相信社会科学家能够达到硬科学的地位。然后指出，软派和硬派之间争论不休。这意味着下文可能会具体介绍两派之间的争论情况。F项举例指出，哈佛大学生物学家威尔逊认为社会科学只有同进化理论和基因学相结合才能真正戍为科学，而软派学者则将社会生物学指责为向臭名昭著的社会达尔文主义和优生学的倒退。该选项涉及两派观点交锋，前者正符合“硬派”观点(推动社会科学向硬科学发展)，后者则是软派学者对硬派学者观点的驳斥。另外，第四段首句直接提到The term“sociobiology”，这表明上文可能出现了该词。F项中正好出现了专业名词sociobiology。因此，F项较为合适。E项有干扰，在语义上似乎与下文一致，都属于硬派学者的典型做法。但仔细分析便能发现该选项并不符合语境。空格处于第三段末，内容上应该与其上文保持一致，继续介绍软硬学派的争议。而E项只介绍了硬派的做法，却只字未提软派的情况，无法证明两派具有争议。
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