首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Wealth in A Cold Climate Latitude is crucial to a nation’s economic strength. A Dr William Masters was reading a book about mosq
Wealth in A Cold Climate Latitude is crucial to a nation’s economic strength. A Dr William Masters was reading a book about mosq
admin
2018-09-11
50
问题
Wealth in A Cold Climate
Latitude is crucial to a nation’s economic strength.
A Dr William Masters was reading a book about mosquitoes when inspiration struck. "There was this anecdote about the great yellow-fever epidemic that hit Philadelphia in 1793," Masters recalls. This epidemic decimated the city until the first frost came." The inclement weather froze out the insects, allowing Philadelphia to recover.
B If weather could be the key to a city’s fortunes, Masters thought, then why not to the historical fortunes of nations? And could frost lie at the heart of one of the most enduring economic mysteries of all—why are almost all the wealthy, industrialised nations to be found at latitudes above 40 degrees? After two years of research, he thinks that he has found a piece of the puzzle. Masters, an agricultural economist from Purdue University in Indiana, and Margaret McMillan at Tufts University, Boston, show that annual frosts are among the factors that distinguish rich nations from poor ones. Their study is published this month in the Journal of Economic Growth. The pair speculate that cold snaps have two main benefits—they freeze pests that would otherwise destroy crops, and also freeze organisms, such as mosquitoes, that carry disease. The result is agricultural abundance and a big workforce.
C The academics took two sets of information. The first was average income for countries, the second climate data from the University of East Anglia. They found a curious tally between the sets. Countries having five or more frosty days a month are uniformly rich, those with fewer than five are impoverished. The authors speculate that the five-day figure is important; it could be the minimum time needed to kill pests in the soil. Masters says: Tor example, Finland is a small country that is growing quickly, but Bolivia is a small country that isn’t growing at all. Perhaps climate has something to do with that." In fact, limited frosts bring huge benefits to farmers. The chills kill insects or render them inactive; cold weather slows the break-up of plant and animal material in the soil, allowing it to become richer; and frosts ensure a build-up of moisture in the ground for spring, reducing dependence on seasonal rains. There are exceptions to the "cold equals rich" argument. There are well-heeled tropical places such as Hong Kong and Singapore, a result of their superior trading positions. Likewise, not all European countries are moneyed—in the former communist colonies, economic potential was crushed by politics.
D Masters stresses that climate will never be the overriding factor—the wealth of nations is too complicated to be attributable to just one factor. Climate, he feels, somehow combines with other factors—such as the presence of institutions, including governments, and access to trading routes—to determine whether a country will do well. Traditionally, Masters says, economists thought that institutions had the biggest effect on the economy, because they brought order to a country in the form of, for example, laws and property rights. With order, so the thinking went, came affluence. "But there are some problems that even countries with institutions have not been able to get around," he says. "My feeling is that, as countries get richer, they get better institutions. And the accumulation of wealth and improvement in governing institutions are both helped by a favourable environment, including climate."
E This does not mean, he insists, that tropical countries are beyond economic help and destined to remain penniless. Instead, richer countries should change the way in which foreign aid is given. Instead of aid being geared towards improving governance, it should be spent on technology to improve agriculture and to combat disease. Masters cites one example: "There are regions in India that have been provided with irrigation—agricultural productivity has gone up and there has been an improvement in health." Supplying vaccines against tropical diseases and developing crop varieties that can grow in the tropics would break the poverty cycle.
F Other minds have applied themselves to the split between poor and rich nations, citing anthropological, climatic and zoological reasons for why temperate nations are the most affluent. In 350BC, Aristotle observed that "those who live in a cold climate...are full of spirit". Jared Diamond, from the University of California at Los Angeles, pointed out in his book Guns, Germs and Steel that Eurasia is broadly aligned east-west, while Africa and the Americas are aligned north-south. So, in Europe, crops can spread quickly across latitudes because climates are similar. One of the first domesticated crops, einkorn wheat, spread quickly from the Middle East into Europe; it took twice as long for corn to spread from Mexico to what is now the eastern United States. This easy movement along similar latitudes in Eurasia would also have meant a faster dissemination of other technologies such as the wheel and writing, Diamond speculates. The region also boasted domesticated livestock, which could provide meat, wool and motive power in the fields. Blessed with such natural advantages, Eurasia was bound to take off economically.
G John Gallup and Jeffrey Sachs, two US economists, have also pointed out striking correlations between the geographical location of countries and their wealth. They note that tropical countries between 23.45 degrees north and south of the equator are nearly all poor. In an article for the Harvard International Review, they concluded that "development surely seems to favour the temperate-zone economies, especially those in the northern hemisphere, and those that have managed to avoid both socialism and the ravages of war". But Masters cautions against geographical determinism, the idea that tropical countries are beyond hope: "Human health and agriculture can be made better through scientific and technological research," he says, "so we shouldn’t be writing off these countries. Take Singapore: without air conditioning, it wouldn’t be rich."
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.
Questions 14-20
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the most suitable heading for paragraphs A-G from the list of headings below.
Write the appropriate number, i-x, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i The positive correlation between climate and wealth
ii Other factors besides climate that influence wealth
iii Inspiration from reading a book
iv Other researchers’ results do not rule out exceptional cases
v Different attributes between Eurasia and Africa
vi Low temperature benefits people and crops
vii The importance of institution in traditional views
viii The spread of crops in Europe, Asia and other places
ix The best way to use aid
x Confusions and exceptions
Paragraph E
选项
答案
ix
解析
浏览完该段落很明显可以发现与该段落相关的标题只有一个,就是标题ix.The best way to use aid,所以正确答案为ix。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/ZpNO777K
本试题收录于:
雅思阅读题库雅思(IELTS)分类
0
雅思阅读
雅思(IELTS)
相关试题推荐
Takingthenation-stateasourpointofspatialreference,wecandifferentiatenotonlybetweenhistoriographiesonasu
Scientistsstudyingtheeffectoflargevolcaniceruptionsonglobalclimatehavelongfocusedonthemajorquantitiesof
Akeyfeatureofquantuminformationscienceistheunderstandingthatgroupsoftwoormorequantumobjectscanhavesta
MEETING:MINUTES::
Sendingarobotintospacetogatherinformationiscertainlyaviableoption,Linebutshouldberegardedonlyasthat--anopt
Howisanewbornstarformed?Fortheanswertothisquestion,wemustlooktothefamiliarphysicalconceptofgravitat
Howisanewbornstarformed?Fortheanswertothisquestion,wemustlooktothefamiliarphysicalconceptofgravitat
POSTSCRIPT:LETTER::
Sendingarobotintospacetogatherinformationisaviableoption,butshouldonlyberegardedasthat—anoption.Eventhemos
FormernewsanchorDanRatherhad(i)______forcolorful(ii)______:forexample,heoncedescribedapoliticalraceas"Spandex
随机试题
在化工制图中,执行器的图形符号由执行机构和调节机构两部分组合而成。 ()
以下哪项有关18F-FDGPET/CT脑代谢显像注意事项是错误的
关于不良反应的报告程序和要求,叙述正确的是
有效温度的度数是指相当于
甲因家中停电而点燃蜡烛时,意识到蜡烛没有放稳,有可能倾倒引起火灾,但想到如果就此引起火灾,反而可以获得高额的保险赔偿,于是外出吃饭,后来果然引起火灾,并将邻居家的房屋烧毁。甲以失火为由向保险公司索赔,获得赔偿。对于此案,下列哪一选项是正确的?(2008延—
为保证湿陷性黄土路基的稳定,宜采取的加固措施是()。
会计机构是各单位办理会计事物的职能机构,各单位都应该设置会计机构。()
我国最早开办、规模最大的个人贷款产品是()。
兼具债券和股票的特性的金融工具是()。
一个教练这样教导他的队员,体育竞技从来是以结果论成败,在比赛中你不是获胜就是被淘汰,在观众眼里,你要么是英雄要么是弱者,所有的胜者在观众眼里都是英雄,所以每个被淘汰者在观众眼里都是弱者。以下哪项是上述论证的前提?
最新回复
(
0
)