2. 外语
  3. You will read a short passage, listen to a talk, and answer a question about them. After you hear the question, you will have 30

You will read a short passage, listen to a talk, and answer a question about them. After you hear the question, you will have 30

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问题     You will read a short passage, listen to a talk, and answer a question about them. After you hear the question, you will have 30 seconds to prepare a response and 60 seconds to record the response.
    Now read the passage about the strategy brood parasitism. You will have 45 seconds to read the passage. Begin reading now.
                                                Brood Parasitism
    Brood parasitism is a strategy used by brood parasites where organisms manipulate and use host individuals either of the same or different species to raise the young of the brood parasite. This relieves the parasitic parents from the investment of rearing their young or building nests, enabling them to spend more time foraging, producing offspring, etc. Brood parasitism has been observed among birds, insects, and fish. This parasitic relationship is typically to the detriment of the host species as eggs and brood compete for incubation, nourishment, and protection.
    Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a biology class.
    How does the example given by the professor help illustrate the phenomenon of brood parasitism? Use specific details in your answer.
Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a biology class.
    Brood parasitism is a very interesting and peculiar evolutionary phenomenon whereby a parasite organism leaves its offspring to be incubated and cared for by a host organism. The parasite organism typically accomplishes this by manipulating or tricking the host into believing that parasite brood is in fact host brood. The host organism will then care for this parasite brood, which is usually to the detriment of the host brood as both broods compete for nourishment and survival.
    Brood parasitism behavior has been widely observed among birds, fish, and insects. Let me give you an example so you can better understand this phenomenon. Fish A is the host organism while Fish B is the parasitic organism. Fish A lays eggs in the water and after fertilization the eggs are stored safely in the mouth of Fish A during the incubation period. Storing the eggs inside of the mouth provides a safe environment for the eggs to incubate as the chance of predation is greatly diminished. Fish B, the parasitic organism, also lays and fertilizes their eggs and hides them amongst the eggs of Fish A. Fish A unknowingly takes both broods into its mouth and incubates them. This has relieved Fish B parents from any responsibility of incubating, protecting or nourishing their young because Fish A has been successfully tricked into caring for both broods. Fish B has more time to spend looking for food and producing more offspring while Fish A is stuck with the burden of looking after the offspring.
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答案 When they become parents, the brood parasites will manage to pass off their babies as those of others and use other parents to raise their offspring. This strategy relieves the brood parasites from the burden of nourishing the young, but it’s at the expense of the host brood as both broods will compete for resources and survival. For example, let’s say Fish A is the host organism while Fish B is the brood parasite. After Fish A lays and fertilizes its eggs, it’ll store them in its mouth for incubation. Fish B then tries to hide its own eggs amongst those of Fish A and has the host rear its babies. In this way, Fish B has more time to search for food or produce more eggs while Fish A is burdened with the incubation and protection of the eggs.
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