首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Keep Our Seas Clean A) By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world’s population could have increased to around 12 billio
Keep Our Seas Clean A) By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world’s population could have increased to around 12 billio
admin
2016-10-07
29
问题
Keep Our Seas Clean
A) By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world’s population could have increased to around 12 billion. Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60 km of the sea. The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the already significant pressures on fertile coastal areas. Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters costs the global economy US $12.8 billion a year. Plastic waste kills up to 1 million sea birds, 100,000 sea mammals and countless fish each year.
B) One significant impact of human activity is marine pollution. The most visible and familiar is oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea, and in addition to the gross visible short-term impacts, severe long-term problems can also result In the case of the Exxon Valdez which ran onto a shore in Alaska in 1989, biological impacts from the oil spill can still be identified 15 years after the event. The Prestige which sank off the Spanish coast late in 2002, resulted in huge economic losses as it polluted more than 100 beaches in France and Spain and effectively destroyed the local fishing industry.
C) Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts, the total quantities of pollutants entering the sea from the long line of catastrophic oil spills appeared small compared with those of pollutants introduced directly and indirectly from other sources, including domestic sewage, industrial discharges, leakages from waste tips, urban and industrial run-off, accidents, spillages, explosions, sea dumping operations, oil production, mining, agriculture nutrients and pesticides, waste heat sources, and radioactive discharges. Land based sources are estimated to account for around 44 percent of the pollutants entering the sea and atmospheric inputs account for an estimated 33 percent. By contrast, transport on the sea accounts for 12 percent.
D) The impacts of pollution vary. Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture can result in unsightly and possibly dangerous "blooms" of algae (藻类) in coastal waters. As these blooms die and decay they use up the oxygen in the water. This has led, in some areas, to "creeping dead zones" (CDZ), where oxygen dissolved in the water falls to levels unable to sustain marine life. Industrial pollution also contributes to these dead zones.
E) Radioactive (放射性的) pollution has many causes, including the normal operation of nuclear power stations, but by far the single biggest sources of man-made radioactive elements in the sea are the nuclear fuel reprocessing plants at La Hague in France and at Sellafield in the UK Waste released from them has resulted in the widespread pollution of living marine resources over a wide area; radioactive elements traceable to reprocessing can be found in seaweeds as far away as the West Greenland Coast.
F) Trace metal pollution from metal mining, production and processing industries can damage the health of marine plants and animals and render some seafoods unfit for human consumption. The contribution of human activities can be very significant: the amount of mercury introduced to the environment by industrial activities is around four times the amount released through natural processes such as weathering and erosion (腐蚀).
G) The input of man-made chemicals to the oceans potentially involves an overwhelming number of different substances. 63,000 different chemicals are thought to be in use worldwide with 3,000 accounting for 90 percent of the total production amount. Each year, anywhere up to 1,000 new synthetic chemicals may be brought onto the market. Of all these chemicals some 4,500 fall into the most serious category. These are known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). They’re resistant to breakdown and have the potential to accumulate in the tissues of living organisms (all marine life), causing hormone disruption which can, in turn, cause reproductive problems, induce cancer, suppress the immune system and interfere with normal mental development in children.
H) POPs can also be transported long distances in the atmosphere and deposited in cold regions. As a result, Inuit populations who live in the Arctic a long distance from the sources of these pollutants are among the most severely influenced people on the planet, since they rely on fat-rich marine food sources such as fish and seals. POPs are also thought to be responsible for some polar bear populations failing to reproduce normally. Scarily, seafoods consumed by people living in warm and mild regions are also affected by POPs. Oily fish tend to accumulate POPs in their bodies and these can be passed to human consumers. When oily fish are rendered down into fish meal and fish oils and subsequently used to feed other animals, then this too can act as a pathway to humans. Farmed fish and shellfish, dairy cattle, poultry and pigs are all fed fish meal in certain countries, and so meat and dairy products as well as farmed and wild fish can act as further sources of these chemicals to humans.
I) The North and Baltic Seas also contain some of the world’s busiest shipping lanes. 200,000 ships cross the North Sea every year. Many goods transported by ships are hazardous (half the goods carried at sea can be described as dangerous) and loss of dangerous cargoes can result in damage to the marine environment. Chemical tank washings, discharge of oily wastes and wash waters are all significant sources of marine pollution.
J) In addition there is always the risk of a major oil spill, a risk made worse by the fact that some of the tankers that routinely travel through still have only one body-frame or have other technical defects and crews who are poorly educated. In November 2002, the Prestige oil tanker went down off the coast of Spain with 70,000 tons of oil on board which polluted 2,890 km of coastline. A few days earlier it had been crossing the Baltic.
K) Some sources of pollution have been brought under control by international legislation. Countries which signed the London Convention have agreed to stop the dumping of radioactive and industrial waste at sea. The OSPAR Convention regulates marine pollution in the North East Atlantic Region while countries which signed the Stockholm Convention have committed themselves to the phase out of a number of persistent organic pollutants. Within the European Community, the Water Framework Directive may be expected to bring further reductions in polluting inputs, although it will be over a very long time frame. The additional benefit of the new EU REACH (Registration Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) initiative, which aims to regulate the production and use of dangerous chemicals at source, remains to be seen.
The regulation of marine pollution in the North East Atlantic Region is based on the OSPAR Convention.
选项
答案
K
解析
根据题目的OSPAR Convention定位到K段。该段第3句采用主动句式The OSPAR Convention regulates…,意思跟题目无异,故可确定K段为该题出处。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/ZqY7777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
A、Mostoftheman’sfriendsareathletes.B、Fewpeoplesharethewoman’sopinion.C、Themandoesn’tlooklikeasportsman.D、The
ElNinoisthenamegiventothemysteriousandoftenunpredictablechangeintheclimateoftheworld.Thisstrange【C1】______h
Livinginatimewhenanever-increasingnumberofnewsproviderspushaconstantstreamofheadlinesatuseveryday,peopleca
Livinginatimewhenanever-increasingnumberofnewsproviderspushaconstantstreamofheadlinesatuseveryday,peopleca
A、Itearnsmoneyfromthestudents.B、Itorganizessummercamps.C、Itraisesmoneyfromcommonpeople.D、ItisinNewYorkState
A、Itcostsalotofmoneyeachyear.B、Itcostsmorethanotherthingsinpeople’slife.C、Itmakespeopleunabletowork.D、It
Theygotooneoftheworld’smostprestigiousuniversitiesandpridethemselvesontheirsuperiorintellectbutalmosthalfof
A、Becauseitwouldmakeherfeeluncomfortable.B、Becauseshewastoosicktoattendtheceremony.C、Becauseshedidn’tlikebei
A、Theyarenotaspopularasbefore.B、Theyaredevelopingfasterandfaster.C、Theyarereplacedbynewmedia.D、Theyarecontr
随机试题
品牌
煮沸消毒时加入既能防锈又能提高沸点的药物是
社会技术支持的管理、松散的专家网络系统在时间上与专家质量上难以保证项目需要。在建立专家系统时准备工作包括(),建立计算机管理系统资料入库,并委派专人进行管理。
()是指经营决策错误、决策执行不当或对行业变化束手无策,对银行的收益或资本形成现实和长远的影响。
公共管理的客体是指公共管理活动中具体的权利和义务所指向的对象,下列选项中,()是公共管理中最直接的对象。
根据下述材料.写一篇700字左右的论说文。题目自拟。前不久,在一家报纸上看到一篇文章,题为《哀乐声中颂华怡》。华怡也好、辛福强也好、罗健夫也好……有许多英雄模范人物,他们的共产主义精神往往并不是体现在死上面,而是在他们生前的一言一行中。既然如此,
某机械设备的控制器,其基本功能要求有:需要有8个数字量输入,用于采集设备的状态信息;且需要8个数字量输出,用于控制设备动作。具备一个RS-232接口,可以和上位机连接,接收上位机发送的命令及参数。需要提供一个基准定时信号,定时时间间隔为0.01秒。
WhatuniquesituationdoesTelekomhavetoinstall?WhathashappenedtosomeofTelekom’sprojects?
Healthyguiltisawarningsignalthateithersomethingdangerousisabouttohappenorsomethinghasalreadyhappenedthatneed
TakingCareofParentsAlsoMeansTakingCareofFinancesDeniseEgebrechtneededabreak.Ithadbeenthreeyearssince
最新回复
(
0
)