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  3. In the second half of the twentieth century, many countries of the South began to send students to the industrialized countries

In the second half of the twentieth century, many countries of the South began to send students to the industrialized countries

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问题      In the second half of the twentieth century, many countries of the South began to send students to the industrialized countries for further education. They urgently needed supplies of highly trained personnel to implement a concept of development based on modernization.
     But, unfortunately, many of these students decided to stay on in the developed countries when they had finished their training. At the same time, many professionals who did return home but no longer felt at ease there also decided to go back to the countries where they had studied. This migration was encouraged by developed countries which offered attractive conditions to keep the services of those they had trained--people whose training had often been paid for by their home country.
     In the 1960s, some Latin American countries tried to solve this problem by setting up special" re turn" programs to encourage their professionals to come back home. These programs received support from international bodies such as the International Organization for Migration, which in 1947 enabled over 1600 qualified scientists and technicians to return to Latin America.
     In the t980s and 1990s, "temporary return programs were set up in order to make the best use of trained personnel occupying strategic positions in the developed countries. This gave rise to the United Nations Development Program’s Transfer of Knowledge through Expatriate Nationals, which encourages technicians and scientists to work in their own countries for short periods. But the brain drain from these countries increases in response to the new laws of the international market in knowledge. The rich countries are far better placed than the developing countries to attract and/or to keep trained personnel.
     Recent studies forecast that the most developed countries are going to need more and more highly qualified professionals--around twice as many as their educational systems will be able to produce, or so it is thought. As a result there is an urgent need for developing countries which send students a broad to give preference to fields where they need competent people to give muscle to their own institutions, in stead of encouraging the training of people who may not come back because there are no professional outlets for them. The countries of the South must not be content with institutional structures that simply take back professionals sent abroad, and they must introduce flexible administrative procedures to encourage them to return. If they do not do this, the brain drain is bound to continue.
What methods have been taken by the developing countries to encourage trained personnel to return?
选项 A、To fine those who do not come back.
B、To set up special "return" programs.
C、To ask for help from the International Organization for Migration.
D、To require the developed countries not to offer jobs to those who do not return.
答案B
解析 根据文章第三段可知拉丁美洲国家采取了措施鼓励学成者回国工作，这项措施还得到了诸如国际移民组织这样的国际机构的支持。A和D文章并未提及。C与文意不符，鼓励学成者回国的措施得到国际机构的支持，并不是这些国家直接向国际机构寻求帮助。
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