2. 外语
  3. Dr. Marvin Marshall developed a system that would promote responsible behavior by internally motivating students. Drawing on his

Dr. Marvin Marshall developed a system that would promote responsible behavior by internally motivating students. Drawing on his

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问题     Dr. Marvin Marshall developed a system that would promote responsible behavior by internally motivating students. Drawing on his own teaching experiences, as well as the insights of others who had explored the area of human potential, he would be pre-active rather than constantly reacting to inappropriate classroom behaviors.
66.______.
    To teach responsible behavior, he developed an order of social development that explained different levels of human social behavior in simple terms that his students could understand.
    Without any social order, anarchy and chaos erupt. The two lowest levels of his hierarchy are Level A: Anarchy and Level B: Bossing/Bullying. In the classroom, both levels are unacceptable.
    A society becomes civil when its people cooperate and live according to external influences. This led to the naming of Level C: Cooperation/Conformity.
    When people mature, cultivate manners, and develop values of right and wrong, the motivations to behave well—originally external—become internalized. Doing the right thing simply because it is the right thing to do—without being asked or told—is the concept that characterizes the fourth and highest level. He refers to it as Level D: Democracy, because taking the initiative to be responsible is an essential characteristics of self-rule.
                         Internal vs. External Motivation
    Motivation is either external or internal. External motivation applies when the aim of the performance is to gain approval, to receive a reward or to avoid punishment. Internal motivation applies when people perform for inner satisfaction.
    Although humans operate from both external and internal motivation, the motivation itself cannot be discerned from a person’s actions. In a classroom, both types of motivation are acceptable as long as the end result is the same, but his goal was to develop a system to promote internally motivated responsibility in young people.
67.______.
    Management professor Douglas McGregor examined the factors underlying the different ways people at tempt to influence human activity. He concluded that the two most common leadership styles are based on two very different sets of assumptions about people.
68.______.
    This management style consists of the following beliefs:
    * The average person has an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it if possible.
    * Because of this inherent aversion, most people must be coerced, controlled, directed or threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort toward the achievement of goals and objectives.
    * The average person prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition and wants security above all.
    Under the management style, responsibilities are delineated, goals are imposed, and decisions are made without involving individuals or requesting their consent. Rewards are contingent upon conforming to the system, and punishments are the consequences of deviation from the established rules. McGregor concluded that this style is inadequate for full human development.
69.______.
    Compared to the style mentioned above, this management style leads to greater realization of goals for both the individual and the organization. The assumptions of this style are:
    * Work can be a source of satisfaction for employees and will be performed voluntarily, or it can be a source of punishment and may be avoided.
    * People will exercise self-direction and self-control in pursuit of objectives to which they are committed.
    * Commitment to objectives depends on the rewards associated with achieving them. The most significant reward is internal satisfaction.
    This style is more challenging to the participants. it sets up realistic objectives and expects people to achieve them.
70.______.
    Traditionally, people attempting to manage or change people use top-down authoritarian strategies, which are generally accompanied by stress, resistance and poor relationships. But the use of collaboration and empowerment—the outgrowths of the second style—reduces stress, improves relationships and is much more powerful in effecting change in others.
    His teaching and administrative experiences taught him that having a discipline system is even more beneficial than having a natural talent in teaching. A simple, dependable aid is precisely what he wanted to offer practitioners.
A. Top-down Authoritarian Style
B. Social Behavior Hierarchy
C. A Dependable Aid
D. Dedicated to Excellence
E. A Look at Two Different Managerial Styles
F. Higher Motivation Management Style

选项
答案A
解析 本题后面几个段落中说明的是两种模式中的一种，而由内容可以看出，它属于一种"自上而下"式的管理模式，以普通人的惰性、需要管理和指导等为基础，因此能概括这种模式的小标题是A。
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