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  3. (1) A specter is haunting workers—the rise of artificial intelligence (AI). The fear is that smart computer programs will elimin

(1) A specter is haunting workers—the rise of artificial intelligence (AI). The fear is that smart computer programs will elimin

admin2022-10-09  42
问题     (1) A specter is haunting workers—the rise of artificial intelligence (AI). The fear is that smart computer programs will eliminate millions of jobs, condemning a generation to minimum-wage drudgery or enforced idleness. Never mind the robots, fear the software.
    (2) There is no need to be so gloomy, say Ken Goldberg of the University of California, Berkeley, and Vinod Kumar, the chief executive of Tata Communications, a unit of India’s biggest business house (which stands to profit from the spread of AI). They have produced a report that is much more optimistic about the outlook for ordinary employees. In many cases, it says, job satisfaction will be enhanced by the elimination of mundane tasks, giving people time to be more creative.
    (3) Their views are backed up by a survey of 120 senior executives, conducted for the report, which found that more of them (77％) thought that AI would create new roles than believed it would replace existing positions (57％; respondents could choose both options). Extra skills may be needed to cope with the new technology and more than half of the bosses are already taking steps to train their workforces.
    (4) Previous technology shifts have not had as negative effects on employment as was first feared. The authors note some well-known examples. Bar-code scanners did not eliminate the role of cashiers in America; jobs in the retail industry grew at an annual rate of more than 2％ between 1980 and 2013. The arrival of automated teller machines (ATMs) spared bank employees the job of doling out cash and freed them to offer financial advice to customers.
    (5) Some jobs could be made a lot easier by AI. One example is truck-driving. Some fear that truck drivers will be replaced by autonomous vehicles. But maneuvering a truck around busy streets is far harder than driving down the motorway. So the driver could switch into automatic mode (and get some rest) when outside the big cities, and take over the wheel once again when nearing the destination. The obvious analogy is with jetliners, where the pilots handle take-off and landing but turn on the computer to cruise at 35000 feet. Using AI may prevent tired drivers from causing accidents.
    (6) Turning to office life, AI can help with complex and fiddly tasks like managing supply chains, allocating desk space and keeping records of meetings. All this can free up time for people to work on more important strategic decisions. The authors also think that AI could help collaboration within companies. One obvious example is the elimination of language barriers. Multinational companies may have employees who lack a common language; AI can handle translation in real time so that dialogue is easier.
    (7) And the report argues that AI can produce better decision-making by offering a contrarian opinion so that teams can avoid the danger of groupthink. A program could analyze e-mails and meeting transcripts and issue alerts when potentially false assumptions are being made (rather like the boy in the Hans Christian Andersen tale who notices that the Emperor has no clothes). Or it can warn a team when it is getting distracted from the task in hand.
    (8) When a firm is starting a new project, AI can also suggest experts from other parts of the organization who could contribute. In recruitment, managers could set criteria for "cognitive diversity" (seeking people with different academic and cultural backgrounds) and allow AI to suggest candidates. This could eliminate remaining hiring biases in favor of white males.
    (9) Helen Poitevin of Gartner, a research company, says that some firms are using AI to suggest training possibilities to existing workers, based on the career paths of similar staff, as an aid to their career development. And programs are also being used to analyze individual employees’ feedback so that managers can be aware of specific areas where a lot of people are unhappy. If they react in the right way, this should make workers’ lives better.
    (10) All of which is a useful corrective to some of the more alarming predictions about the potential effects of AI. But as ever, it needs to be remembered that programs are only as good as the data they are given. If those who input the data have biases, they may show up in the suggestions that it generates. As Ms. Poitevin says, AI can help improve diversity in the workforce "if we want it to". The best employers should be able to turn AI into a positive for workers. (本文选自 peoplesworld. org)
What can be inferred from Para. 4 about previous technology changes?
选项 A、They have brought many negative effects.
B、They have more positive effects than negative ones.
C、They have not been so negative as expected.
D、They have been as negative as people first expected.
答案C
解析 推断题第四段第一句明确指出，之前的技术变革对就业的负面影响没有起初所担心的那么大，原句中用了“as…as…”这样一个比较结构。之后作者列举了两个例子——条形码扫描仪和自动柜员机 (ATM)来支持论点。由此可知，C为答案。A“它们带来了很多负面影响”在第四段中没有体现；原文中也未提到B “它们的正面影响多于负面影响”；D“它们与人们起初预期的一样消极”不符合原文描述，因此排除。
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