首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Changes in the volume of unemployment are governed by three fundamental forces: the growth of the labor force, the increase in o
Changes in the volume of unemployment are governed by three fundamental forces: the growth of the labor force, the increase in o
admin
2010-06-30
19
问题
Changes in the volume of unemployment are governed by three fundamental forces: the growth of the labor force, the increase in output per man-hour, and the growth of total demand for goods and services. Changes in the average hours of work enter in exactly parallel fashion but have been quantitatively less significant. As productivity rises, less labor is required per dollar of national product, or more goods and services can be produced with the same number of goods. If output does not grow, employment will certainly fall; if production increases more rapidly than productivity (less any decline in average hours worked)employment must rise. But the labor force grows, too. Unless gross national product( total final expenditure for goods and services corrected for price changes) rises more rapidly than the sum of productivity increase and labor force growth (again modified for any change in hours of work), the increase in employment will be inadequate to absorb the growth in the labor force. Inevitably the unemployment rate will increase. Only when total production expands faster than the rate of labor force growth plus the rate of productivity increase and minus the rate at which average annual hours fall does the unemployment rate fall. Increases in productivity were more important than growth of the labor force as sources of the wide gains in output experienced in the period from the end of the war to the mid-sixties. These increases in potential production simply were not matched by increases in demand adequate to maintain steady full employment.
Except for the recession years of 1949, 1954, and 1958, the rate of economic growth exceeded the rate of productivity increase. However, in the late 1950s productivity and labor force were increasing more rapidly than usual, while the growth of output was slower than usual. This accounted for the change in employment rates.
But if part of the national purpose is to reduce and contain unemployment, arithmetic is not enough. We must know which of the basic factors we can control and which we wish to control. Unemployment would have risen more slowly or fallen more rapidly if productivity had in creased more slowly, or the labor force had increased more slowly, or the hours of work had fallen more steeply, or total output had grown more rapidly. These are not independent factors, however, and a change in any of them might have caused change in the other.
A society can choose to reduce the growth of productivity, and it can probably find ways to frustrate its own creativity. However, while a reduction in the growth of productivity at the expense of potential output might result in higher employment in the short run, the long-run effect on the national interest would be disastrous.
We must also give consideration to the fact that hidden beneath national averages is continuous movement into, out of, between, and within labor markets. For example, 15 years ago, the average number of persons in the labor force was 74 million, with about 70 million employed and 3.9 million unemployed. Yet 14 million experienced some term or unemployment in that year. Some were new entrants to the labor fore; others were laid off temporarily, the remainder were those who were permanently or indefinitely severed from their jobs. Thus, the average number unemployed during a year understates the actual volume of involunatary displacement that occurs.
High unemployment is not an inevitable result of the pace of technological change but the consequence of passive public policy. We can anticipate a moderate increase in the labor force accompained by a slow and irregular decline in hours or work. It follows that the output of the economy--and the aggregate demand to buy it--must grow by more than 4 percent a year just to prevent the unemployment rate from rising, and by even more if the unemployment rate is to fall further. Yet our economy has seldom, if ever, grown at a rate greater than 3.5 percent for any extended length of time.
We have no cause for complacency. Positive fiscal, monetary, and man power policies will be needed in the future.
According to the passage, the rate of employment can be expected to rise when______.
选项
A、productivity rises at the same rate as growth of the labor force
B、productivity and labor force increase at a greater rate than output
C、output exceeds productivity
D、rate of economic growth is less than the number of man-hours required
答案
C
解析
事实细节题。根据文章第一段第四句:如果产量的增长比生产率更迅速,就业率肯定上升。所以选项C是正确答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/aRJd777K
本试题收录于:
公共英语四级笔试题库公共英语(PETS)分类
0
公共英语四级笔试
公共英语(PETS)
相关试题推荐
Whatdidthespeakertalkaboutlasttime?
ThoughPaulisdisabled,hemanagedtomovearoundinthehouse.
ThoughPaulisdisabled,hemanagedtomovearoundinthehouse.
ThoughPaulisdisabled,hemanagedtomovearoundinthehouse.
Thebestestimateofhumanity’secologicalfootprintsuggeststhatitnowexceedstheEarth’sregenerativecapacitybyaround20
Thebestestimateofhumanity’secologicalfootprintsuggeststhatitnowexceedstheEarth’sregenerativecapacitybyaround20
Surgeonswillsoonbeabletoentertheeyetocarryoutoperations—atleastinavirtualsense.Techniquesderivedfromvirtual
Surgeonswillsoonbeabletoentertheeyetocarryoutoperations—atleastinavirtualsense.Techniquesderivedfromvirtual
Twomaintechniqueshavebeenusedfortrainingelephants,whichwemaycallrespectivelythetoughandthegentle.Theformerm
Twomaintechniqueshavebeenusedfortrainingelephants,whichwemaycallrespectivelythetoughandthegentle.Theformerm
随机试题
乳腺癌患者乳头内陷、乳头抬高是由于
腰椎盘突出常出现在
一个在中国境内开办的生产电视机的外国企业,因其电视机质量存在问题,被中国公民投诉。当地工商行政管理局对该外国企业作出罚款6000元的决定,该外国企业不服,向人民法院提起行政诉讼。对于本案情况,下述观点中正确的是()。
设y=f(f),t=φ(x)都可微,则dy=()。
根据分布特点,城市污染源可分为()
质量认证第三方依据程序对产品、过程或服务符合规定的要求给予书面保证。质量认证包括( )。
实行对外贸易宏观管理的必要性是什么?
下列属于税收司法的基本原则的有()。
快递来了不敢开门,查水表的不让进屋,买肉时总用手按按看肉里有没有注水,去超市买牛奶面包看不清保质期绝不会轻易埋单……怀疑一切似乎成了当今社会很多人的心理共识,老百姓成了“老不信”这导致政府、专家及媒体等公信力严重受损。一项权威调查表明,中国社会的总体信任度
使用VC6打开考生文件夹下的源程序文件modi3.cpp。其中定义的类并不完整,按要求完成下列操作,将类的定义补充完整。完成以下功能:(1)类CBase有一个常数变量Number1,在构造函数时对其初始化,请在注释//********1********后
最新回复
(
0
)