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  3. Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the

Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the

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问题     Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the University of Chicago and Stanford University who studied mother-child interactions over the course of several years found that the type of praise children receive affects their attitudes toward challenges later in life.
    Specifically, praise that came with feedback about their behavior and the choices that toddlers made helped them to cope better with difficult experiences five years later, compared with compliments that focused more on the child himself, like "You’re a good boy." The study, which appears in the journal Child Development, is the first major study of praise and childhood development done outside of a lab setting.
    In the study, researches found that the children who grew up with more process praise (comments such as "You worked really hard" or "You’re doing a great job," which emphasize the child’s actions.) were more open to challenge, and were able to identify more ways of overcoming difficult problems. They were also more likely to say that they could improve their intelligence with hard work. While person praise (comments like "You’re so smart" or "You’re so good," which focus on a child’s inherent qualities.) didn’t seem to have any negative effect on the children, the study suggests that process praise teaches children that their talents and abilities can be developed and improved, while person praise sends the message that their abilities are fixed and therefore not easily altered.
    "This study is monumental," says Carol Dweck, a co-author of the study and a professor at Stanford University whose earlier research laid the foundation for understanding the role of praise in child development.
    Another revelation from the study involved how praise affects boys and girls differently. Parents gave boys and girls the same amount of praise, but of the encouragement boys received, 24％ was process praise, while girls received only 10％ of this type. Previous research suggested this pattern, but Gunderson, an assistant professor of psychology at Temple University, says she was surprised by how great the difference was. The inequality could have consequences for how girls evaluate their abilities as they progress in school and may play a role in aggravating some of the self-esteem issues that become more common among teens and adolescents.
    The findings send a clear message to parents. "The biggest takeaway is that parent praise matters," Dweck says. "The parents, even when the children are very young, are starting to shape the child’s motivation, the children’s attitudes toward themselves and their stance to the world." Not all praise, it seems, is equal.
By saying "Not all praise, it seems, is equal", the author implies that________.
选项 A、there is a better way to praise children
B、inequality is very common in our society
C、parents should encourage and praise more
D、girls should be given more process praise
答案A
解析 题干中的直接引语为全文的最后一句。统观全文，可知文章主要讲的是不同的表扬类型(本文重点在对比process praise及person praise)对孩子会产生不同的影响，所以作者说“似乎不是所有表扬都是平等的”，结合文章的写作意图，不难看出本文是想表明表扬孩子的方式有差异，存在优劣，故A项为正确答案。B项所说的社会不平等现象，并非在文中提到，故B项可排除。C项强调鼓励和表扬的数量，也与文章主旨(强调表扬的类型)不符，故可排除。虽然文中强调了行为表扬的重要性，在第五段也提到了女孩受到的行为表扬的比例较少，但作者并没有因此就建议要给予女孩更多行为表扬，从最后一句也看不出这一点，故D项错误。题目中的这句话为文章的最后收尾句，基本是用来总结，呼吁，提出建议或者引起读者思考，总之必定与文章主题相关，而非关注细枝末节。解题时要注意这一点。
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