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  3. For a long time psychoanalysis was the only formalized psychotherapy practiced in Western society. It was this type of therapy t

For a long time psychoanalysis was the only formalized psychotherapy practiced in Western society. It was this type of therapy t

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问题     For a long time psychoanalysis was the only formalized psychotherapy practiced in Western society. It was this type of therapy that gave rise to the classic picture of a bearded Viennese doctor seated behind a patient who is lying on a couch.
    Psychoanalysis is based on the theories of Sigmund Freud. (46)According to Freud’s views, psychological disturbances are due to anxiety about hidden conflicts in the unconscious parts of one’s personality; therefore, one of the psychoanalysts job is to help make the patients aware of the unconscious impulses, desires, and fears that are causing the anxiety. Psychoanalysts believe that if patients can understand their unconscious motives, they have taken, the first step toward gaining control of their problems. Such understanding is called insight.
    Psychoanalysis is a slow procedure. It may take years of fifty-minute sessions several times a week before the patient is able to make fundamental changes in her life. (47)Throughout this time, the analyst assists his patient in a complete examination of the unconscious motives behind her behavior. This task begins with the analyst telling the patient to relax and talk about everything that comes into her mind. This method is called free association.
    As the patient lies on the couch, she may describe her dreams, discuss private thoughts, or recall long-forgotten experiences. The psychoanalyst often says nothing for long periods of time. (48)The psycho-analyst also occasionally makes remarks or asks questions that guide the patient, or he may suggest an unconscious motive or factor that explains something the patient has been talking about, but most of the work is done by the patient herself.
    Psychoanalysis has sometimes been criticized for being" all talk and no action". In behavior therapy there is much more emphasis on action. (49)Rather than spending a large amount of time going into the patient’s past history or the details of his or her dreams, the behavior therapist concentrates on finding out what is specifically wrong with the patient’s current life and takes steps to change it. The idea behind behavior therapy is that a disturbed person is one who has learned to behave in the wrong way. The therapist’s job, therefore, is to "reeducate" the patient. (50)The reasons for the patient’s undesirable behavior are not important; what is important is to change the patient’s behavior which is formed and reinforced in stressed environment and to establish new patterns of behavior for the patient.
    One technique used by behavior therapists is systematic recovery. This method is used to overcome irrational fears and anxieties the patient has learned. The goal of systematic recovery therapy is to encourage people to imagine the feared situation while relaxing. Having been taught how to relax, the patient learns to think about the past experience without being afraid. During this process, the therapist attempts to replace anxiety with its opposite, relaxation.
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答案弗洛伊德认为，人性格的潜意识部分中隐藏着一些冲突，对这些冲突的焦虑导致了心理障碍。因此，心理分析师的工作之一就是帮助病人意识到那些引起焦虑的潜在的冲动、欲望和恐惧。
解析 本题共两句话，难点在第一句。第一句话有两个难点：一是短语due to(由…导致)的翻译。如果译成"心理障碍是由…导致的"，那么由于介词宾语"anxiety about hidden conflicts…"太长，插入到"由…导致的"结构中则不通顺。因此，我们不妨改变语序，将原文中的主语psychological disturbances (心理障碍)译为宾语，整个句子就可以译为"…导致了心理障碍"。第二个难点是介词宾语anxiety about hidden conflicts in the unconscious parts of one’s personality的翻译。这种较长的名词短语可以翻译成两部分即"人性格的潜意识部分隐藏着一些冲突"和"对这些冲突的焦虑"。翻译成汉语后"焦虑"是主语，"心理障碍"成了宾语。这样，一个英文长句翻译成了两个汉语短句，"人性格的潜意识部分中隐藏着一些冲突"和"对这些冲突的焦虑导致了心理障碍"，符合汉语短句多的特点。考查点：英语长句的翻译。
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