首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Academic Freedom refers to the right of teachers and researchers, particularly in colleges and universities, to investigate thei
Academic Freedom refers to the right of teachers and researchers, particularly in colleges and universities, to investigate thei
admin
2010-10-14
127
问题
Academic Freedom refers to the right of teachers and researchers, particularly in colleges and universities, to investigate their respective fields of knowledge and express their views without fear of restraint or dismissal from office. The right rests on the assumption that open and free inquiry within a teacher’s or researcher’s field of study is essential to the pursuit of knowledge and to the performance of his or her proper educational function. At present this right is observed generally in countries in which education is regarded as a means not only of pouring in established views but also of enlarging the existing body of knowledge. The concept of academic freedom implies also that a teacher’s employment depends primarily on the competence of teachers in their fields rather than on irrelevant considerations such as political or religious beliefs or attachments.
The concept and practice of academic freedom, as recognized presently in Western civilization, date roughly from the 17th century. Before the 17th century, intellectual activities at universities were restricted largely by theological considerations, and opinions or conclusions that conflicted with religious doctrines were likely to be condemned as heretical. In the late 17th century the work of such men as the English philosophers John Locke and Thomas Hobbes helped pave the way for academic freedom in the modern sense. Their writings demonstrated the need for unlimited inquiry in the sciences and for a general approach to learning unrestrained by preconceptions of any kind. In the 18th and 19th centuries, universities in Western Europe and the United States enjoyed increasing academic freedom as acceptance of the experimental methods of the sciences became more widespread and as control of institutions by religious denominations became less rigorous. In Britain, however, religious tests for graduation, fellowships, and teaching positions were not abolished until the late 19th century.
During the second half of the 20th century academic freedom was recognized broadly in most Western countries. However, violations of the right increased as dictatorship emerged in various countries, notably in Germany, Italy, and Russia. Educators in Italy were forced to pledge support to the Fascist regime. Similar restrictions, including the teaching of racist theories in some fields, were enforced in German universities under National Socialism.
Violations of academic freedom also occurred in the United States in the 20th century. A notable example was the Scopes trial, held in Dayton, Tennessee, in 1925. A high school teacher was accused and convicted of violating a state law that forbade the teaching of the theory of evolution in the public schools. This legislation was abolished in 1967.
In the early 1950s, largely because of congressional investigations of communism in the U. S. , many institutions of higher learning adopted regulations requiring loyalty oaths from university teachers. Some of these oaths, insofar as they were required only of teachers, were declared unconstitutional in some state courts. All professional associations of teachers and administrators, including the Nation al Education Association, the American Association of Colleges, and the American Association of University Professors, are opposed to special loyalty oaths and to all violations of academic freedom.
The 1960s and early 1970s were marked by protest and violence on college campuses over United States involvement in the war in Vietnam. In some places professors were dismissed or arrested for pro testing American participation in the war. This turmoil reached a tragic climax in 1970 with the killing of several students during campus demonstrations. In the long run, however, these disturbances led to a broad recognition of the legitimate concerns of students about the quality of higher education, and of the responsibility of universities, rather than the public or the government, to maintain essential academic order.
By 1973, when U. S. troops were withdrawn from Vietnam, a general growth in higher education was under way. Significant increase in enrollments and expansion of faculties, as well as a broadening of the makeup of both student and faculty populations, contributed to a vast enrichment of the academic curriculum, to increasing faculty control over the content of programs, and, overall, to the enhancement of the freedom to teach and to learn in colleges and universities.
Beginning in the early 1970s in the United States(and somewhat later in other countries such as Canada and the United Kingdom), however, institutions of higher education were faced with serious financial problems which also harmed academic freedom. For example, the rise in irregular faculty appointments, intended to save money, created a virtual underclass of teachers lacking the employment security generally considered necessary for the exercise of academic freedom.
Threats to and violations of academic freedom continued in the 1980s. The U. S. government, in the name of national security, imposed severe restraints on the publication of research results. The influence of resurgent religious conservatism was felt in some areas in effort to introduce religious teachings in elementary and secondary schools, and in limits on free expression at church-affiliated colleges and universities.
Accademic freedom, performed well in China, is thought as the right of natural.
选项
A、Y
B、N
C、NG
答案
C
解析
文中没有涉及此内容。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/ag87777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
ThenineteentwentiesbroughtafeelingoffreedomandindependencetomillionsofAmericans,especiallyyoungAmericans.Young
ThenineteentwentiesbroughtafeelingoffreedomandindependencetomillionsofAmericans,especiallyyoungAmericans.Young
ThenineteentwentiesbroughtafeelingoffreedomandindependencetomillionsofAmericans,especiallyyoungAmericans.Young
A、Nineteenmilliondollars.B、Thirty-twomilliondollars.C、Thirty-sevenmilliondollars.D、Forty-twomilliondollars.B
Theinnervoiceofpeoplewhoappearunconsciouscannowbeheard.Forthefirsttime,researchershavestruckupaconversation
A、Thebikeisexpensive.B、Thetiresaregoodbutnothingelse.C、Thebikeisbroken.D、Thebikeisworthwhile.D
__________(一想到面试),shewillbecomeextremelynervous.
A、Sheisachemistandhastodolotsofexperiments.B、Hemustbeextremelycareful.C、Heisverycarelessduringtheexperimen
A、Becauseit’sbadforherhealth.B、Becauseitmakeshersmelly.C、Becauseitmakeshercough.D、Becauseit’sabadexampleto
A、Nothing.B、Alot.C、Hardlyanything.D、Alittle.C信息明示题。文章指出…theysaidhardlyanythingaboutitatall,所以C正确。
随机试题
简述国家的管辖权。
反映肾小球滤过功能的检查是()
下列哪项不是急性重症胰腺炎的表现
肾小球性蛋白尿,可见于
西洋管弦乐队乐器种类多样,音色对比鲜明,根据乐器的构造、性能、演奏的方式,可以将整个管弦乐队分为几个组,请你以组简单介绍西洋管弦乐队乐器的种类。
请你谈谈你怎样理解温家宝总理“公平正义有时候比太阳还要有光辉”这句话?
根据以下资料。回答下列问题。2010年,我国全年批准建设用地48.45万公顷,其中转为建设用地的农用地33.77万公顷,其中耕地21.19万公顷。全年国有建设用地实际供应总量42.82万公顷,同比增长18.4%。其中,工矿仓储用地、商业
中国古代小说塑造了很多莽汉形象,他们外表威猛如金刚,性格天真似儿童,深受读者的喜爱。下列小说中莽汉的时代顺序排列正确的是()。①张飞②程咬金③李逵④牛皋
计算位于z=2下方的部分.
Johnwasmade______thetruckforaweekasapunishment.
最新回复
(
0
)