首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Evaluating Speaking Speaking is a complex act with many different elements interacting to produce effective communication,
Evaluating Speaking Speaking is a complex act with many different elements interacting to produce effective communication,
admin
2015-08-29
38
问题
Evaluating Speaking
Speaking is a complex act with many different elements interacting to produce
effective communication, so we consider some things that speakers need to be able
to do when we want to evaluate this skill accurately. Five aspects are listed as follows.
I. Phonological features of speech
A.【B1】______ consonants, vowels, diphthongs【B1】______
B. stressed and weak sounds in words
C. stressed and weak words in speech
D.【B2】______【B2】______
E.【B3】______ falling, rising, flat, etc.【B3】______
F. features of connected speech
II. Following the rules of language
A. choosing the right vocabulary
B. using grammar structures
C. using features of discourse:【B4】______, coherence【B4】______
III.【B5】______【B5】______
A. non-verbal tools: gestures and【B6】______【B6】______
B. other body language: eye contact, posture, positioning, etc.
C.【B7】______: whispering, shouting, etc.【B7】______
IV. Communicative functions
A. functions of vocabulary and grammar
B. functions of intonation and moving stress
C. recognizing features such as repetitions, re-phrasing, pauses, etc
D. recognizing non-linguistic features such as changes in【B8】______【B8】______
V. Social meaning
A.【B9】______languages【B9】______
B. connotation language
C. direct and indirect language
D. important social factors: social status, age, gender
E.【B10】______: turn taking, exchanges【B10】______
F. other rules
【B4】
Evaluating Speaking
Good morning, everyone. Today, we’ll look at what a speaker needs to be able to do in order to use spoken English as an effective form of communication. Perhaps you would think that it is ok to read and listen a lot. No, you may be wrong. Speaking is a complex act with many different elements interacting to produce effective communication. For example, speakers need to pronounce individual sounds clearly, understand the functions of language, and follow the conventions of turn-taking. In order to evaluate this skill accurately, we need to i-dentify and isolate each of these elements. We can then develop frameworks to evaluate them. Below are five aspects that speakers need to be able to do in order to communicate effectively, including: phonological features of speech: following the rules of language: paralinguistic devices: communicative functions: social meaning.
Now, first of all, I will introduce to you phonological features of speech. Speakers need to be able to produce the phonological features of speech well enough to be understood, and understand them when they hear them. These features include: first,(1)individual sounds—consonants, vowels, diphthongs such as in day and triphthongs such as in here. Second, the stressed and weak sounds in words: for example, the second syllable of "banana" is stressed and the first and third are weak. Third, the stressed and weak words in speech: for example, in the order "Go to bed!" "go" and "bed" are stressed and "to" is not. Fourth,(2)the rhythm of speech in general. English is stress-timed, meaning that in general stressed syllables have an equal amount of time between them. Fifth,(3)the intonation patterns in speech, falling, rising, flat, etc. Sixth, the features of connected speech, i.e. things that happen when we connect sounds together: for example, connected speech produces contractions such as "doesn’t", linking sounds such as the /j/ in "I am", lost sounds such as the /t/ in "I don’t know", and changed sounds such as the /t/ in "white bag" changing to a /p/.
OK, in addition to phonological features of speech, speakers need to be able to understand and follow the rules of language at a word, sentence and text level. This includes three rules of language: the first rule is choosing the right vocabulary. Speakers need to think about the meaning of a word, its connotations, the level of formality, the type of register and genre, and the words it normally goes with(collocations). The second rule is using grammar structures to put clauses and sentences together.(4)The third rule is using features of discourse to give long and short turns cohesion and coherence. For example, speakers need to use referencing "this is the problem..." and connectors "so...".
(5)The third aspect is paralinguistic devices. Speakers understand and use paralinguistic devices as a communicative tool. There are different definitions of paralanguage, but if we say that it does not involve words in any way then this includes:(6)non-verbal tools such as gestures and facial expressions: other body language, such as eye contact, posture, positioning and movement of the head:(7)verbal tools such as changes in volume, e.g. whispering and shouting, and noises such as "whew!" and "tsk!" What’s more, speakers still need to be able to recognize, understand and use the communicative functions of speech. Next, I would like to talk about the communicative functions of speech. First, understanding the communicative functions of vocabulary and grammar. OK, let’s look at examples. Why is this a normal exchange: A: "Did you walk the dog today?" B: "I’ve been in bed all day with a cold. " Or what a speaker means when he says: "Do you know who I am?" Second, understanding the functions of intonation and moving stress. For example, intonation and stress can show attitude: "Oh, really?" Emphasis: "I said three bananas", and structure, e. g. a falling intonation at the end of a list of items. Third, recognizing features such as repetitions, re-phrasing, pauses, and noises and understanding their function. Fourth,(8)recognizing non-linguistic features such as changes in volume and tone.
Finally, speakers need to consider six factors about social meaning of speech.(9)The first factor is when to use formal and informal languages. The second factor is what connotation the language might have, for example, the difference between thin, slender and skinny. The third factor is how direct they can be, for example, when to say "Help me with this." and when to say "Would you mind helping me, please?" The fourth factor is what social factors are important, e.g. social status, age, gender.(10)The fifth factor is conversational principals such as turn taking and exchanges—these can be different in different cultures and societies. The last factor is the rules to start, maintain, manage, and close conversations.
OK, in today’s lecture, I have tried to describe five aspects that speakers need to be able to do in order to communicate effectively. We know that communicative success depends on the speaker’s ability to use them. Therefore, evaluation of a learner’s spoken English must involve looking at these different tools. In the next lecture, I will think about which of these factors we can include in our evaluation and which we can’t, and then review some formal speaking tests and how they approach this challenge. We will look at how these competencies can be evaluated, with specific discussion of formal methods such as the IELT and Cambridge Main Suite speaking tests.
选项
答案
cohesion
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/b7OO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Contrasttoresearchers’expectations,dysfunctionalfamilyrelationshipsandpoor【M1】______.communicationstylesappearto
Contrasttoresearchers’expectations,dysfunctionalfamilyrelationshipsandpoor【M1】______.communicationstylesappearto
Contrasttoresearchers’expectations,dysfunctionalfamilyrelationshipsandpoor【M1】______.communicationstylesappearto
A、GettingtheWHOworkB、LookingatthefiguresandstatisticsandthedevastationC、GettingtheleadersspeakingupD、Discussin
Allofuswillworkinourjobswithdifferentkindsofpeopleandwehavetopossesscertaincharacteristicstokeepongoodte
Ourpublicdebatesoftenflyoffintothewildblueyonderoffantasy.Soit’sbeenwiththeFederalCommunicationsCommission’s
随机试题
患者,女,45岁。4个月前无意中发现有乳外上象限一无痛性肿块,肿块起初较小,近1个月来生长较快,遂就诊,体检:两侧乳房大小对称,外形无改变,无乳头溢液,右侧可扪及一5cm×3cm的质硬肿块,边界不清,表面不光滑,活动度尚可,右侧腋窝可触及多个散在可以推动的
患者,男,40岁。原有风湿性心脏病。主动脉瓣关闭不全。因劳力性呼吸困难1周就诊。查体:心脏向左下扩大,胸骨左缘第3、第4肋间有舒张期叹气性递减型杂音,心尖部有Austin-Flint杂音。应行何种检查进一步明确诊断
患儿男,9岁。以“要求修复牙床裂开”入院。曾行“左侧完全性唇裂修复术”、“左侧完全性腭裂修复术”。若行牙槽突裂植骨,可考虑的骨源的骨松质中不包括
患者,男性,82岁,肺心病,近半个月来咳嗽、咳痰,今晨呼吸困难加重,恍惚,烦躁不安。查体:体温36.4℃,脉搏120次/分,血压130/80mmHg。呼吸38次/分,口唇发绀。两肺底闻及湿啰音。对患者进行吸氧,下列正确的是()。
融资方案评审项目的财务可行性,主要是评审项目()。
求助者:“这几天我情绪一直不好,睡觉也出现了失眠现象”。咨询师:“你能不能告诉我这段时间,对你来说发生了什么?”咨询师的反应是()。
评剧源于()省东部地区。
一段朽木上面长满了苔藓、地衣,朽木凹处聚积的雨水中还生活着孑孓、水蚤等,树洞中还有老鼠、蜘蛛等。下列各项中,与这段朽木的“生命系统层次”水平相当的是()。
根据以下资料,回答下列问题。2013年3月末,金融机构人民币各项贷款余额65.76万亿元,同比增长14.9%,增速比上年同期低0.8个百分点。2013年3月末,主要金融机构及小型农村金融机构、外资银行人民币小微企业贷款余额11.78万亿元,同比增
有红、蓝、黄、白、紫5种颜色的皮球,分别装在5个盒子里。甲、乙、丙、丁、戌5人猜测盒子里皮球的颜色。甲:第2盒是紫的,第3盒是黄的。乙:第2盒是蓝的,第4盒是红的。丙:第1盒是红的,第5盒是白的。丁:第3盒是蓝的,第
最新回复
(
0
)