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  3. Scientists have created by accident an enzyme (酶) that breaks down plastic drinks bottles. The breakthrough could help solve the

Scientists have created by accident an enzyme (酶) that breaks down plastic drinks bottles. The breakthrough could help solve the

admin2023-01-31  1
问题     Scientists have created by accident an enzyme (酶) that breaks down plastic drinks bottles. The breakthrough could help solve the global plastic pollution crisis by enabling for the first time the full recycling of bottles.
    The new research was spurred by the discovery in 2016 of the first bacterium that had naturally evolved to eat plastic at a waste dump in Japan. Scientists have now revealed the detailed structure of the crucial enzyme produced by the bug.
    An international team then adjusted the enzyme to see how it had evolved, but tests showed they had accidentally made the molecule even better at breaking down the plastic used for drinks bottles. "What actually turned out was we improved the enzyme, which was a bit of a shock," said head researcher Prof. McGeehan, at the University of Portsmouth, UK.
    Currently, the enzyme takes a few days to start breaking down the plastic, far faster than the centuries it takes in the oceans, but the researchers are optimistic this can be speeded up even further and become a viable large-scale process.
    "What we are hoping to do is use this enzyme to turn this plastic back into its original components, so we can literally recycle it back to plastic," said McGeehan. "It means we won’t need to dig up any more oil and, fundamentally, it should reduce the amount of plastic in the environment."
    About 1 million plastic bottles are sold each minute around the globe and, with just 14％ recycled, many end up in the oceans where they have polluted even the remotest parts, harming marine life and potentially people who eat seafood. "Plastic is incredibly resistant to degradation," said McGeehan. "It is one of these wonder materials that has been made a little bit too well."
    Currently those bottles that are recycled can only be turned into opaque fibres for clothing or carpets, while the new enzyme indicates a way to recycle old clear plastic bottles back into new clear plastic bottles.
    "You are always up against the fact that oil is cheap, so plastic is cheap," said McGeehan. "It is so easy for manufacturers to generate more of that stuff, rather than even try to recycle, but I believe there is a public interest here: perception is changing so much that companies are starting to look at how they can properly recycle these bottles."
    Prof. Adisa Azapagic, at the University of Manchester in the UK, agreed the enzyme could be useful but added: "A full life-cycle assessment would be needed to ensure that the technology does not solve one environmental problem—waste—at the expense of others, including additional greenhouse gas emissions."
What does the passage say about the bug that produces the important enzyme?
选项 A、It has a natural ability to consume plastics.
B、It is a bacterium that reproduces at a high rate.
C、It is essential to the recycling of plastic bottles.
D、It has a chemical structure unknown to scientists.
答案C
解析 根据题干中的the bug that produces the important enzyme定位至第2～3段。题目询问关于产生这种重要酶的细菌的信息。由第2～3段可知，这种细菌“吃”塑料的能力是自然进化出来的，后来科学家对其产生的关键酶进行调整，从而使分解的效果更好。由此可见，产生这种重要酶的细菌在塑料饮料瓶的回收中起关键作用，故选C项。由第2段可知，这种细菌“吃”塑料的能力是自然进化出来的，had naturally evolved不同于has a natural ability，A项“它有消耗塑料的天然能力”属于偷换概念。B项“它是一种繁殖率很高的细菌”属无中生有，文中没有提到它的繁殖率，故排除。第2段提到，科学家现已揭开这种酶的详细结构，D项“它有科学家不知道的化学结构”中的structure unknown与原文表述相矛盾。
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