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  3. Answer questions by referring to the synopses of 4 different books on environmental economics in a publisher’s brochure. A=B

Answer questions by referring to the synopses of 4 different books on environmental economics in a publisher’s brochure. A=B

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问题     Answer questions by referring to the synopses of 4 different books on environmental economics in a publisher’s brochure.
    A=BOOK 1
    B=BOOK 2
    C=BOOK 3
    D=BOOK 4
    Which book(s) say(s) that…
A
BOOK 1
    The book offers a comprehensive perspective on the consequences and possible policy solutions for climatic change as we move into the twenty-first century, it assesses the impact of potential future global climate change on agriculture and the need to sustain agricultural growth for economic development.
    The book begins by examining the role of international research institutions in overcoming environmental constraints on sustainable agricultural growth and economic development. The authors then discuss how agricultural research systems may be restructured to respond to global environmental problems such as climate change and loss of genetic diversity. The discussion then extends to consider environmental accounting and indexing, to illustrate how environmental quality can be included formally in measures of national income, social welfare and sustainability. The third part of the book focuses on the effects of and policy responses to climate change. Chapters in this part examine the effect of climate change on production, trade land use patterns and livelihoods. They consider impacts on the distribution of income between developed and developing countries remain a major economic activity. Authors take on an economy-wide perspective to draw lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy.
B
BOOK 2
    The ozone layer is threatened by chemical emissions, the climate is endangered from fossil fuels and deforestation, and global biodiversity is being lost by reason of thousands of years of habitat conversions. Global environmental problems arise out of the accumulated impacts from many years’ and many countries’ economic development. In order to address these problems the states of the world must cooperate to manage their development processes together—this is what an international environmental agreement must do. But can the world’s countries cooperate successfully to manage global development? How should they manage it? Who should pay for the process, as well as for the underlying problems?
    This book presents an examination of both the problem and the process underlying international environmental lawmaking: the recognition of international interdependence, the negotiation of international agreements and the evolution of international resource management. It examines the general problem of global resource management by means of general principles and case studies and by looking at how and why specific negotiations and agreements have failed to achieve their targets.
    The book is designed as an introductory text for those studying global environmental policy making and institution building. It will also be 9f interest to practitioners and policy makers and scholars in the areas of environmental economics and law.
C
BOOK 3
    Industrialization to achieve economic development has resulted in global environmental degradation. While the impacts of industrial activity on the natural environment are a major concern in developed countries, much less is known about these impacts in developing countries. This source book identifies and quantifies the environmental consequences of industrial growth, and provides policy advice, including the use of clean technologies and environmentally sound production techniques, with special reference to the developing world.
    The developing world is often seen as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector. This, combined with a substantial agricultural sector,
which contributes to deforestation, the erosion of the top soil and desertification, has led to extreme pressures on the environment and impoverishes the population by destroying its natural resource base. This crisis suggests that sound industrialization policies are of paramount importance in developing countries’ economic development, and calls for the management of natural resources and the adoption of low-waste of environmentally clean technologies.
    The authors consider the industrial sector as a pollutant vis-a-vis other sectors of the economy, and then focus on some industry-specific pollutants within the manufacturing sector and some process-specific industrial pollutants. They conclude by reviewing the economic implications of promoting environmentally sound industrial development, specifically addressing the question of the conflict or complementarity which may exist between environ mental goods and industrial production.
D
BOOK 4
    This is an important book which presents new concepts of the marginal cost of substituting non-pollutive for pollutive goods. Technical in its approach it complements the other literature in the field and will be a significant contribution to the understanding of microeconomic issues in pollution control.
    The book focuses on three main concepts: substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoidance. The first part considers the adjustment of the scope and combination of goods produced as a method for controlling pollution.
    The author argues that pollution is controlled by increasing the relative price of the polluting goods in the production process; thereby reducing demand and subsequent production of the goods. In the second part, the discussion is extended to include the possibilities of pre venting or abating emissions in relation to three models: first, pollution prevention when non-polluting inputs and processes are substituted for pollutants; second, when a proportion of the polluting output is recycled rather than being discarded; and finally end-of-pipe abatement where additional technology is used. In conclusion the author assesses the extent to which pollution damage is controlled by avoidance of emissions, with avoidance being modeled as an add-on technology with its own returns to scale.
选项 A、 
B、 
C、 
D、 
答案A
解析
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