首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Lessons from the 1918 Flu The last time a now influenza virus reached pandemic levels was in 1968, but the episode was not s
Lessons from the 1918 Flu The last time a now influenza virus reached pandemic levels was in 1968, but the episode was not s
admin
2010-01-10
33
问题
Lessons from the 1918 Flu
The last time a now influenza virus reached pandemic levels was in 1968, but the episode was not significantly deadlier than a typical had fin season. Few people who lived through it even knew it occurred. Still, it killed 34,000 Americans. The 1918 pandemic was far more lethal. It killed 675,000 Americans at a time when the U.S. population was 100 million. Fifty million to 100 million people purished worldwide in the 1918 pandemic, according to Nobel laureate F. Macfarlane Burnet. The flu killed more people in 24 weeks than AIDS has ’killed in 24 years. The difference in the death toll between 1918 and 1968 had little to do with such medical advances as antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections. The 1968 virus was simply much less virulent. But it wasn’t just the virus. As with Hurricane Katrina, some of the deaths in 1918 were the government’s responsibility. Surgeon General Rupert Blue was his day’s Mike Brown. Despite months of indications that the disease would erupt, Blue made no preparations. When the flu hit, he told the nation, "There is no cause for alarm."
Alarm was needed. Victims could die in 24 hours. Symptoms included bleeding from the nose, mouth, ears and eyes. Some people turned so dark blue from lack of oxygen that an Army physician noted that "it is hard to distinguish the coloured men from the white."
False reassurances from the government and newspapers added to the death rate. They also destroyed trust in authority, as Americans quickly realized they were being lied to. The result: society began to break apart. Confidential Red Cross reports noted "panic akin to the terror of the Middle Ages of the plague" and victims starving to death "not from lack of food but because the well are afraid to help the sick." Doctors and nurses were kidnapped. One scientist concluded that if the epidemic continued to build, "civilization could easily disappear from the face of the earth within a few more weeks."
What will happen during the next pandemic.’? No one can predict, but even a virus as mild as the 1968 strain would kill many tens of thousands in the U.S. alone. Since 1968, demographic changes have made influenza a greater, not a lesser, threat. Our population now includes more elderly and more people with a weakened immune system. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that influenza kills 36,000 Americans in an average year. The CDC also calculates that a pandemic caused by a virus comparable to that of 1968 would kill between 89,000 and 207,000 Americans. And the scientist who prepared that study has refused to estimate the toll from a more virulent virus because, he says, he doesn’t want to "scare" people.
Even the mildest virus would slam the economy harder now than at any time in the past. That’s be- cause businesses—and hospitals—have improved efficiency to minimize slack. When absenteeism pre- vents one plant from shipping a part, or when a surge of patients overwhelms a hospital already under- staffed because of sickness, massive disruptions result.
How prepared are we for all that? Net very. To its credit, this Administration has struggled to get a- head of the curve. Former Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson considered influet.za among his highest priorities. In his last speech as Secretary, he called it his gravest concern. Under him, funding for influenza increased 1,000% despite opposition from House Republicans, who took the threat seriously only after last year’s vaccine debacle, when almost half the nation’s supply became unavailable because of contamination.
That problem highlighted a weakness in the vaccine-production infrastructure, which, as publichealth expert Michael Osterholm says, "is our levee system against a catastrophic .event," But even in a perfect world, virtually no vaccine would be available for the first six months of a pandemic. And the Ad- ministration has left huge holes in our preparedness. After years of delays, a pandemic plan still needs to be finished.
Yet the dearest lesson from Katrina is that plans are not enough. They must be put into practice. Preparation matters. Even in the chaos of 1918, people who knew what to expect and had been trained did their duty, often in heroic fashion. San Francisco was the only major city in which the local leader- ship told the truth about the disease. It organized emergency hospitals, volunteer ambulance drivers, soup kitchens and the like in advance. There, although fear certainly showed itself, it did not paralyze, ff we prepare well enough, we won’t need heroes; we’ll just need people doing their jobs.
False reassurances from the government and magazines added to the death rate.
选项
A、Y
B、N
C、NG
答案
B
解析
从第三段第一句可知本句错误
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/bGt7777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
Oneofthemostimportantfeaturesthatdistinguishesreadingfromlisteningisthenatureoftheaudience.【B1】thewriteroften
A、Itmaynotchangethistime.B、Itwillbefine.C、Ithasn’tbeengoodlately.D、Theweatherisunpredictable.CW:I’mlooking
Nodirectrelationshiphasbeenprovenbetweenhighcholesterollevelsandheartattacks.Thearticledealswiththelinkbetwe
PaulT.Rankinfoundthattheaverageindividualspentmostofhiswakingtimeeitherreading,writing,speakingorlistening.
PaulT.Rankinfoundthattheaverageindividualspentmostofhiswakingtimeeitherreading,writing,speakingorlistening.
A、Sheseldomreadsbooksfromcovertocover.B、Sheisinterestedinreadingnovels.C、Shereadonlypartofthebook.D、Shewas
A、PeopleinBangkokareinterestedinmobilephonesnowadays.B、Thereareabout65millioninThailandandmostpeopleliveinB
_____________________________(尽管发了洪水),theshiphadreacheditsdestinationontime.
Notuntilthechildfellasleep___________(母亲才离开房间).
随机试题
在Windows7中,使用还原按钮将窗口恢复成原来的大小,仅仅适应于___________。
A.0.1B.0.2C.0.5D.1E.2
具有咸味而能泻下软坚,还有清热功效的药物是()。
一般来说,如果某种户型单位特别比较难以消化,如开盘()月内仍未销售,此种户型可作为难点户型处理。
大型施工机械中,起重机械包括()、塔式起重机、龙门吊、桥式吊、叉车、卷扬机(≥3t)、电动葫芦(≥5t)等。
总结写作中一般使用的称谓是()。
若f(χ)在χ=0的某邻域内二阶连续可导,且=1,则下列正确的是().
设用两种仪器测量同一物体的长度分别得到如下结果:X1=5.51±0.05mmX2=5.80±0.02mm为综合这两种测量结果以便公布统一的结果,拟采刚加权平均方法,每个数的权与该数的绝对误差的平方成反比。经计算后,公布的测量结果是(
下列设备在断电后会丢失数据的是()。
A、Roadrage.B、Roadaccidents.C、Modernmotorists.D、Growthofhighways.A主持人在访谈开始部分就提到参加节目的嘉宾Neil会谈及roadrage的概况,而随后的访谈内容也是紧紧围绕
最新回复
(
0
)