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  3. For several decades biologists have pondered the question of whether men and women produce pheromones. A pheromone is a chemical

For several decades biologists have pondered the question of whether men and women produce pheromones. A pheromone is a chemical

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问题     For several decades biologists have pondered the question of whether men and women produce pheromones. A pheromone is a chemical signal from one animal to another. 【F1】 Often, though not always , such chemicals indicate sexual availability—and when it comes to human mating signals in particular, those looking into the matter have a couple of specific molecules in mind.
    Androstadienone (AND) and estratetraenol (EST) are derived, respectively, from male and female hormones and are exuded in sweat. The idea that they are pheromonal is thus worth investigating. 【F2】 The results of such investigations as have been made so far, though, are contradictory. Some experiments have found that these molecules make opposite-sex faces, or photographs thereof, appear more attractive to heterosexual volunteers. Others discern no such effect.
    【F3】 Unfortunately, most of these studies were done with groups of volunteers too small for clear conclusions to be drawn, or using less-than-rigorous experimental methods. To try to clear up the confusion, a group of researchers led by Robin Hare of the University of Western Australia have performed one of the most stringent studies to date. They report their results this week in Royal Society Open Science.
    Dr. Hare and his colleagues took 43 men and 51 women, all of them straight, and gave them two tasks. One was to decide whether an androgynous computer-generated face was, on balance, more likely to be female or male. The other was to rate members of the opposite sex shown in photographs for both their sexual attractiveness and their likelihood of being unfaithful.
    The participants completed both tasks twice, on consecutive days. On one day they were exposed to the appropriate molecule (AND for the women; EST for the men) and on the other to a placebo that ought to have had no effect. Crucially, the study was double-blinded, which meant that neither the researchers nor the participants knew which day was which. 【F4】 This should have made it impossible for unconscious biases on the part of the experimenters or the subjects to have had any effect on the result.
    If AND and EST really are aphrodisiac pheromones, the researchers reasoned, then they ought to make participants more likely to assume that androgynous faces belonged to the opposite sex. 【F5】 They should also boost the sex appeal of the people in the photographs—and, because of that boost, increase the perception that those people might be unfaithful, since the attractive have more opportunities for infidelity than the plain.
【F3】
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答案不幸的是，这些研究中的大多数要么是由一些志愿者小组完成的，这些小组由于规模太小因而无法得出明确的结论，要么就是使用了不严谨的实验方法。
解析 本句是复杂句。该句主干为most of these studies were done，with引导的为方式状语，中间套用了一个too…to…的句型，using为伴随状语，两个状语中间由or表示并列关系。本句英文是一个典型的英文的树状结构，在翻译时，应按照汉语习惯，化成小句，呈竹状结构。英语的词组与词组，句子与句子之间结构关系和逻辑联系必须交代得十分清楚，呈树状结构。而汉语逐节展开，呈竹状结构。例：The boy，who was crying as if his heart break，said, when I spoke to him，that he was hungry because he had had no food for two days．男孩哭得很伤心。我问他怎么啦，他说他太饿了，已经两天没吃东西了。
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