2. 外语
  3. Environment literally is "that which environs or surrounds". The term is used in various ways in academic discourse. In biology

Environment literally is "that which environs or surrounds". The term is used in various ways in academic discourse. In biology

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问题     Environment literally is "that which environs or surrounds". The term is used in various ways in academic discourse. In biology and psychology, environment is frequently juxtaposed (相提并论) to heredity, in an exhaustive division of the causes that shape the character of living things. Heredity refers to what is 【C1】______ transmitted, environment to what is given externally. Much of the debate has focused on their relative importance, and environment itself is usually given little 【C2】______ content. In other usages the environment is simply the (delimited) social context in which the individual (or any living organism) is located, and the emphasis is on issues of adaptation and adjustment to this environment, as in Jean Piaget’s work on 【C3】______  development.
    The natural environment, for all its potential significance to sociology as the territory in which human action occurs and as itself modified by human agency, is rarely construed (解释) in social terms; until recently it featured little in sociological thinking beyond references to the heredity 【C4】______ environment debate. Significantly, the current social and political attention given to the environment concentrates on the physical world—on towns, houses, the countryside, and natural resources such as air and water—albeit (尽管) an environment recognized to be not just a matter of nature but also of human 【C5】______  . In this interpretation the term contrasts with concepts like community, society, and social group that 【C6】______ social relations rather than physical and material conditions. However, it is precisely the focus on the specificities and impact of the material world and on the way it is socially constructed that produces the potential of an environmental sociology.
    Since the 1980s, the sociology of the environment has emerged as an identifiable specialism within the 【C7】______ , although it is still rather loosely defined. Among the topics likely to be encountered in any of the standard texts now available will be the following: the role of industrialism in generating environmental 【C8】______ ; the structural and social origins of environmental movements; the content and influence of 【C9】______ politics and parties; the environmental implications of urbanization and globalization; the problems of securing sustainable development; and wider theoretical issues such as the possible conflict between a non-exploitative approach to nature and the continued commitment to Enlightenment values such as those of democracy, human rights, and the 【C10】______ of progress.
   A. cognitive        I. Green
   B. ulcer            J. tenured
   C. pursuit          K. versus
   D. discipline       L. highlight
   E. degradation      M. wretched
   F. genetically      N. substantive
   G. volley           O. generally
   H. intervention
【C2】
选项
答案N
解析 substantive形容词，意为“实质性的”。本句的意思是辩论的大部集中在它们的相对重要性，环境一词本身常常不被赋予实质性的内容。
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