首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
How Should Teachers Be Rewarded? [A] We never forget our best teachers—those who inspired us with a deeper understanding or an e
How Should Teachers Be Rewarded? [A] We never forget our best teachers—those who inspired us with a deeper understanding or an e
admin
2017-06-27
72
问题
How Should Teachers Be Rewarded?
[A] We never forget our best teachers—those who inspired us with a deeper understanding or an enduring passion, the ones we come back to visit years after graduating, the educators who opened doors and altered the course of our lives.
[B] It would be wonderful if we knew more about such talented teachers and how to multiply their number. How do they come by their craft? What qualities and capacities do they possess? Can these abilities be measured? Can they be taught? Perhaps above all: How should excellent teaching be rewarded so that the best teachers—the most competent, caring and compelling—remain in a profession known for low pay and low status?
[C] Such questions have become critical to the future of public education in the U.S. Even as politicians push to hold schools and their faculty members responsible as never before for student learning, the nation faces a shortage of teaching talent. About 3.2 million people teach in U.S. public schools, but, according to an estimate made by economist William Hussar at the National Center for Education Statistics, the nation will need to recruit an additional 2.8 million over the next eight years owing to baby-boomer retirement, growing student enrollment and staff turnover (人员调整)—which is especially rapid among new teachers. Finding and keeping high-quality teachers are key to America’s competitiveness as a nation. Recent test results show that U.S. 10th-graders ranked just 17th in science among peers from 30 nations, while in math they placed in the bottom five. Research suggests that a good teacher is the single most important factor in boosting achievement, more important than class size, the dollars spent per student or the quality of textbooks and materials.
[D] Across the country, hundreds of school districts are experimenting with new ways to attract, reward and keep good teachers. Many of these efforts borrow ideas from business. They include signing bonuses for hard-to-fill jobs like teaching high school chemistry, housing allowances and what might be called combat pay for teachers who commit to working in the most distressed schools. But the idea gaining the most motivation—and controversy—is merit pay, which attempts to measure the quality of teachers’ work and pay teachers accordingly.
[E] Traditionally, public-school salaries are based on years spent on the job and college credits earned, a system favored by unions because it treats all teachers equally. Of course, everyone knows that not all teachers are equal. Just witness how hard parents try to get their kids into the best classrooms. And yet there is no universally accepted way to measure competence, much less the great charm of a truly brilliant educator. In its absence, policymakers have focused on that current measure of all things educational: student test scores. In districts across the country, administrators are devising systems that track student scores back to the teachers who taught them in an attempt to assign credit and blame and, in some cases, target help to teachers who need it. Offering bonuses to teachers who raise student achievement, the theory goes, will improve the overall quality of instruction, retain those who get the job done and attract more highly qualified candidates to the profession—all while lifting those all-important test scores.
[F] Such efforts have been encouraged by the government, which in 2006 started a program that awards $99 million a year in grants to districts that link teacher compensation to raising student test scores. Merit pay has also become part of the debate in Congress over how to improve the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act. Last summer, the president signed merit pay at a meeting of the National Education Association, the nation’s largest teachers’ union, so long as the measure of merit is "developed with teachers, not imposed on them and not based on some test score." Hillary Clinton says she does not support merit pay for individual teachers but does advocate performance-based pay on a schoolwide basis.
[G] It’s hard to argue against the notion of rewarding the best teachers for doing a good job. But merit pay has a long history in the U.S., and new programs to pay teachers according to test scores have already had an opposite effect in Florida and Houston. What holds more promise is broader efforts to transform the profession by combining merit pay with more opportunities for professional training and support, thoughtful assessments of how teachers do their jobs and new career paths for top teachers.
[H] To the business-minded people who are increasingly running the nation’s schools, there’s an obvious solution to the problems of teacher quality and teacher turnover: offer better pay for better performance. The challenge is deciding who deserves the extra cash. Merit-pay movements in the 1920s, ’50s and ’80s turned to failure just because of that question, as the perception grew that bonuses were awarded to principals’ pets. Charges of unfairness, along with unreliable funding and union opposition, sank such experiments.
[I] But in an era when states are testing all students annually, there’s a new, less subjective window onto how well a teacher does her job. As early as 1982, University of Tennessee statistician Sanders seized on the idea of using student test data to assess teacher performance. Working with elementary-school test results in Tennessee, he devised a way to calculate an individual teacher’s contribution to student progress. Essentially, his method is this: he takes three or more years of student test results, projects a trajectory (轨迹) for each student based on past performance and then looks at whether, at the end of the year, the students in a given teacher’s class tended to stay on course, soar above expectations or fall short. Sanders uses statistical methods to adjust for flaws and gaps in the data. "Under the best circumstances," he claims, "we can reliably identify the top 10% to 30% of teachers."
[J] Sanders devised his method as a management tool for administrators, not necessarily as a basis for performance pay. But increasingly, that’s what it is used for. Today he heads a group at the North Carolina-based software firm SAS, which performs value-added analysis for North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and districts in about 15 other states. Most use it to measure schoolwide performance, but some are beginning to use value-added calculations to determine bonuses for individual teachers.
Value-added calculations have been used to determine the bonuses a teacher deserves.
选项
答案
J
解析
根据题目中的Value-added calculations定位到J段最后一句。该句中的it指代上文提到的Sanders设计的方法,该句说尽管大部分学校用Sanders设计的方法来评价全校范围的教学质量,但有些学校也已经开始采用增值的方式计算老师应得的奖金,题目的意思与之相符,因此选J。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/cqi7777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayaboutaplacewhichyoulikemost.Youshouldstatethereasons
A、Sheforgetswhattheyhavedone.B、Shehasbeensick.C、Shewillhelptheman.D、Shemissedsomeclasses.C
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaybasedonthepicturebelow.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabrief
A、Thewomanshouldnotmakepersonalphonecalls.B、Thewomancannotdealwithpersonalmatters.C、Thewoman’spersonalmatters
A、Themannolongersmokes.B、Themanisunderpressurefromhiswife.C、Themanusuallyfollowshiswife’sadvice.D、Themanre
Officialhealthadvicethatsaidhouseholdchoreshelpkeepyouactivehasbeenprovedwrongbytheresearch,whichshowsthatt
Officialhealthadvicethatsaidhouseholdchoreshelpkeepyouactivehasbeenprovedwrongbytheresearch,whichshowsthatt
Officialhealthadvicethatsaidhouseholdchoreshelpkeepyouactivehasbeenprovedwrongbytheresearch,whichshowsthatt
Officialhealthadvicethatsaidhouseholdchoreshelpkeepyouactivehasbeenprovedwrongbytheresearch,whichshowsthatt
随机试题
跑道道面温度传感器安装在(),且距跑道中线一侧不超过120m,但不小于90m,距跑道入口端向内约300m。
同一实验可以使用同一台天平和不同砝码。
_______是在计算各步骤成本时,只计算本步骤各种产品发生的各项费用及这些费用中应由产成品负担的份额,不计算本步骤所耗上一步骤的半成品成本,将相同产品的各步骤成本计算单中的这些份额平行结转、汇总,即可计算出该种产品的产成品成本。
通用公司的组织结构变革当杜邦公司刚取得对通用汽车公司的控制权的时候,通用公司只不过是一个由生产小轿车、卡车的零部件和附件的众多厂商组成的“大杂烩”,这些厂商各自为政,一盘散沙,失去控制。这时的通用汽车公司由于不能达到投资人的期望而危机四伏、摇摇欲
男,80岁,全口无牙,戴全口义齿近15年,因黏膜不适就诊。查见黏膜呈红亮色,水肿,有黄白色假膜,直接镜检见菌丝和芽胞。该患者治疗中不妥的用药为()
A、四逆散B、逍遥丸C、小柴胡颗粒D、柴胡舒肝丸E、气滞胃痛颗粒某男,38岁,因外感病邪犯少阳导致寒热往来,胸胁苦满,食欲不振,心烦喜呕,口苦咽干。治当解表散热、疏肝和胃,宜选用的成药是()。
患者,男,35岁。春节期间突患急性胆囊炎,症见胁痛、口苦、舌红苔黄。证属肝胆湿热。医师依据其要求,给其处以方便服用的消炎利胆颗粒。药师在发药时告诉患者,此药不宜久服,是因其方中含一味有一定毒性的中药。该药是()。
急性阑尾炎最严重的病理类型是
装修公司甲在完成一项工程后,将剩余的木地板、厨卫用具等卖给了物业管理公司乙,但甲营业执照上的核准经营范围并无销售木地板、厨卫用具等业务。甲乙的买卖行为法律效力()。
如何开发和利用课程资源?
最新回复
(
0
)