首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accomplished by an equiva lent surge in industrial re
There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accomplished by an equiva lent surge in industrial re
admin
2010-02-20
75
问题
There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accomplished by an equiva lent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicons, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.
Despite these findings, we are urged to support monopoly power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the prodigious assets of the giant corporation or conglomerate can afford the kind of expenditures that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $ 35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two -thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense -linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources.
Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the competitive process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation -a risky and expensive budget item -might meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be more concerned with cost -cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to assume that the monopolistic producer should be equated with bountiful expenditures for research. Large - scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Furthermore, the firm with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue new techniques and different products, since with little vested interest in capital equipment or plant it is not deterred from investment in innovation. In some cases, where inter - industry competition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.
The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures; there are in stances, es in which they, too, must compete, as against another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.
According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century ______.
选项
A、are not necessarily produced as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development.
B、came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopoly industries
C、were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams
D、have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates
答案
C
解析
第一段清楚表明C为正确的。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/d0vO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
OneofLondonZoo’srecentadvertisementscausedmesomeirritation,sopatentlydiditdistortreality.Headlined"Withoutzoos
OneofLondonZoo’srecentadvertisementscausedmesomeirritation,sopatentlydiditdistortreality.Headlined"Withoutzoos
TherecanbenodoubtthattheemergenceoftheNegrowriterinthepost-warperiodstemmed,inpart,fromthefactthathewas
Racket,dinclamor,noise,whateveryouwanttocallit,unwantedsoundisAmerica’smostwidespreadnuisance.Butnoiseismore
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid—thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformation,butmeaningsarede
A、Askingaboutthesalary.B、Tryingtobeconfident.C、Usinginterviewer’swordswhenansweringquestions.D、Paraphrasingsomew
Nomatterifyou’releafingthroughthoseglossyadmissionsbrochures,attendinganinformationsessiononcampusorbrowsinga
A、Thehugerolesomepeopleplayintransmittingideas.B、Thetransmissionofepidemicdiseases.C、Exceptionalepidemicdiseases
A、AcademyAwardwinners.B、Historicaldocumentaries.C、Blockbusters.D、Classics.B
A、Apublishedlinguisticsessay.B、Anestimatedbudget.C、Approvalfromthedean.D、Permissionfromthedepartment.B
随机试题
x→0时,下列无穷小量阶数最高的是()
A.口服碳酸钙B.静脉注射碳酸氢钠C.补充活性维生素DD.肌内注射促红细胞生成素E.血液透析慢性肾功能不全伴心力衰竭的治疗措施为
A.医德教育B.医德修养C.医德评价D.医德实践E.医德情操
基本预备费的计算基数包括( )。
不考虑其他因素,下列交易或事项属于债务重组的有()。
对于保险公司而言,下列由于信息不对称而带来的“逆向选择”的情形是()。
某大学考古博物馆发表了有关今年出售和获得藏品的报告,人们对报告的准确性产生了疑问,为了防止争议,报告由其他大学的三个考古学家来复审。因为这三个人会被允许查阅一切与报告有关的档案和资料,他们肯定可以判断报告是否准确。上述论证的推理是错误的,因为()。
FreezingtoDeathforBeautyPeopleinBeijingwearalotofclothingduringwintertofendoff(抵御)thecold.IntheUnitedS
Theideaoftest-tubebabiesmaymakeyoueitherdelightedatthewondersofmodernmedicineorirritatedwhileconsideringthe
A、GoingtoItalyvs.helpinghermother.B、GoingtoNepalvs.stayinghome.C、Havingfunvs.makingmoney.D、Attendingherfamil
最新回复
(
0
)