首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
"Civilization" Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The
"Civilization" Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The
admin
2018-07-24
22
问题
"Civilization"
Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The invention of writing enabled records to be kept, and the use of metals marked a new level of human control over the environment and its resources. Already before 4000 B.C., craftspeople had discovered that metal-bearing rocks could be heated to liquefy metals, which could then be cast in molds to produce tools and weapons that were more useful than stone instruments. Although copper was the first metal to be utilized in producing tools, after 4000 b.c. craftspeople in western Asia discovered that a combination of copper and tin produced bronze, a much harder and more durable metal than copper. Its widespread use has led historians to call the period the Bronze Age; thereafter, from around 3000 to 1200 b.c, bronze was increasingly replaced by iron.
At first, Neolithic settlements were hardly more than villages. But as their inhabitants mastered the art of farming, more complex human societies emerged. As wealth increased, these societies began to develop armies and to build walled cities. By the beginning of the Bronze Age, the concentration of larger numbers of people in the river valleys of Southwest Asia and Egypt was leading to a whole new pattern for human life.
As we have seen, early human beings formed small groups that developed a simple culture that enabled them to survive. As human societies grew and developed greater complexity, a new form of human existence—called civilization—came into being. A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements. Historians have identified a number of basic characteristics of civilization, most of which are evident in the Southwest Asian and Egyptian civilizations. These include (1) an urban focus: cities became the centers of political, economic, social, cultural, and religious development; (2) a distinct religious structure: the gods were deemed crucial to the community’s success, and professional priestly classes, as stewards of the gods’ property, regulated relations with the gods; (3) new political and military structures: an organized government bureaucracy arose to meet the administrative demands of the growing population while armies were organized to gain land and power and for defense; (4) a new social structure based on economic power: while kings and an upper class of priests, political leaders, and warriors dominated, there also existed large groups of free people (farmers, artisans, craftspeople) and at the very bottom, socially, a class of slaves; (5) the development of writing: kings, priests, merchants, and artisans used writing to keep records; and (6) new forms of significant artistic and intellectual activity: monumental architectural structures, usually religious, occupied a prominent place in urban environments.
Why early civilizations developed remains difficult to explain. A Since civilizations developed independently in India, China, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, can general causes be identified that would explain why all of these civilizations emerged? B A number of possible explanations of the beginning of civilization have been suggested. A theory of challenge and response maintains that challenges forced human beings to make efforts that resulted in the rise of civilization. Some scholars have adhered to a material explanation. C Material forces, such as the growth of food surpluses, made possible the specialization of labor and development of large communities with bureaucratic organization. D But the area of the Fertile Crescent, in which civilization emerged in Southwest Asia, was not naturally conducive to agriculture. Abundant food could be produced only with a massive human effort to carefully manage the water, an effort that created the need for organization and bureaucratic control and led to civilized cities. Some historians have argued that nonmaterial forces, primarily religious, provided the sense of unity and purpose that made such organized activities possible. Finally, some scholars doubt that we are capable of ever discovering the actual causes of early civilization.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.
选项
A、Southwest Asian and Egyptian civilizations exhibit the majority of the characteristics identified by historians.
B、The characteristics that historians have identified are not found in the Egyptian and Southwest Asian cultures.
C、Civilizations in Southwest Asia and Egypt were identified by historians who were studying the characteristics of early cultures.
D、The identification of most historical civilizations includes either Egypt or Southwest Asia on the list.
答案
A
解析
... the majority paraphrases "most of which."
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/dCfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
WhatrulesapplytotakingdifferentobjectstotheCentre?Matcheachobjectwiththecorrectrule,A-C.Writethecorrectlett
WhatrulesapplytotakingdifferentobjectstotheCentre?Matcheachobjectwiththecorrectrule,A-C.Writethecorrectlett
ChooseTWOletters,A-EWhichTWOproblemsdoSamandthetutoridentifyconcerninggroupassignments?APersonalrelationships.
Whatadvantagedoesthespeakermentionforeachofthefollowingphysicalactivities?ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwrite
Whothinksthefollowing?AKatyaBPeterCbothKatyaandPeterTheInternetcreatesnewgapsbetweenrichandpoor.
ResearchingtheoriginofmedievalmanuscriptsBackgroundMedievalmanuscripts—handwrittenbooksproducedbetweenthefifth
Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?Accordingtothepassage,whatisonedifferencebetweenthehuntingdonebysomehumans
Harborsare(protected)areas(ofwater)thatcanbe(usedthe)transferofpassengersandcargo(between)shipsshore.
随机试题
体表能摸到的动脉有哪。些?
心肌超声造影不能够应用于检测
患者,男,35岁。近日口角区出现一深大溃疡,直径12mm,深及肌层,溃疡周边红肿隆起,扪之基底较硬。边缘整齐。自觉疼痛症状明显,进食困难。该患者可能患有
化脓性颌骨骨髓炎的感染途径有()。
山西省太原市的市域城镇体系规划应报()审批。
某矿山服务公司经营范围包括矿产品的开采、切割;矿山爆破、穿孔;矿产品开采技术咨询业务。该矿山服务公司是增值税一般纳税人,2021年12月发生下列业务:(1)外购矿产品切割设备一台,取得增值税专用发票上注明的价款23万元,增值税2.99万元;购置矿山爆破设
下列关系中具有哲学基本问题性质的有
A、 B、 C、 D、 C
Researcherssaytalkingtoyourself,outloud,ismorecommonthanmanyofusmightcaretoadmit.Psychologistscallit"selft
Java是面向对象语言,对象是客观事物的______,对象与之是一一对应的。它是很具体的概念。
最新回复
(
0
)