首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Medicine in Medieval England The medical practices in Medieval England: Based upon (1)______, ancient texts, myth or the
Medicine in Medieval England The medical practices in Medieval England: Based upon (1)______, ancient texts, myth or the
admin
2013-03-21
35
问题
Medicine in Medieval England
The medical practices in Medieval England:
Based upon (1)______, ancient texts, myth or the direction of the church which proved unbeneficial to the people of England.
The forthcoming results:
Common people didn’t care about improving their own health.
The life and livelihood of an average person was (2)______.
In the villages, many children were weak from (3)______, either mental or physical. Many would die in childhood. And infant (4)______was heavy.
A medical service was non-existent.
To the end of 1400, medicine was mainly practiced by clerics in monasteries.
The physician thought surgery was beneath his dignity, because he didn’t want to (5)______.
Surgery was left to uneducated "barbers" . The physician was not advanced, (6)______diseases by inspection of the blood and urine.
The above-mentioned practices proved of little help.
According to Christian theology, disease was considered to be cured by (7)______means.
Scientific investigation was inhibited.
In medieval England, surgery had a severe and (8)______nature. Lepers, crippl
es and blind were easily seen. Those sick people were helpless, most of whom couldn’t afford medical attention.
E.g. Lepers living in provisions were actually left (9)______.
In conclusion, the health conditions and medical care for people in medieval England were (10)______.
Medicine in Medieval England
To start today’s lecture, I’d first quote an English idiom. It is said that"An apple a day keeps the dentist away." This has become a common saying among society today. We do not stop to think of how it reflects our outlook of medicine in our lives. We have come to understand the value of simple practices in order to keep ourselves healthy. This is not, however, the case of Medieval England. Most"medical practices" of the time were based upon superstition, ancient texts, myth, or the direction of the church. Medical practices of Medieval England often based upon nothing more than superstition proved unbeneficial if not harmful to the people of England.
Therefore, part of the obvious problem was the fact that the common person had little care or sense for improving their own health. The life and livelihood of an average person was less than desirable even from the time of birth.
In the villages chronic inbreeding must have produced many children who started life with a built-in weakness, either mental or physical. Many would die in childhood, but others who grew into manhood, might drag out a useless existence, dependent on charity for their sustenance. In general, infant mortality was extremely heavy....Once the child was free to crawl about among the unsanitary rushes, with a child’s natural instinct to put everything into its mouth, it is a wonder that any survived. From then on disease and accident would provide ample scope for a medical service, which was virtually non-existent. Furthermore, the collective knowledge was held and practiced by Monks in Monasteries.
In summary of medical practice to the end of 1400, it may be said medicine was practiced mostly by the clerics in monasteries and the laity whose locus of operation was the apothecary shop. The physician thought surgery was beneath his dignity, because it caused him to have blood on his hands and clothes and left this to uneducated"barbers". The practitioner carried the title "Master," whereas teachers carried the title"Doctor". The physician was little advanced over the knowledge of Galen’s time. They still believed in the Doctrine of four humors, making diagnoses by inspection of the blood and urine. Most of the therapeutic measures included blood letting, steam baths, spells, hexes, prayers, the king’s touch, and so on.
The problem is furthered by the fact that these "practices" proved of little benefit. Most of these had no scientific basis and were instead rooted in superstition or the church. "The concern of Christian theology, on the other hand, was to cure the soul rather than the body; disease usually was considered supernatural in origin and cured by religious means. As a result, scientific investigation was inhibited during this time. Brothers of various monasteries copied and preserved those scientific manuscripts and documents which were thought to be consistent with prevailing religious thought".
To sum it up,"For England, as far as the twelfth century was concerned, medicine was traditional, composed of a mixture of herbal lore and popular magic, while surgery was brutal and must often have been fatal". This now brings us to another point, the fact of the severe and unsophisticated nature of surgery."Two twelfth-century manuscripts, one early, show medical treatment, and in both cauterizing seems important. The earlier one shows the physician cauterizing a shorn head, while an attendant in a room below is heating a relay of instruments in a furnace. The second manuscript shows cauterizing for trouble in the head and in the stomach a painful remedy!" More is written of this, "Two of the manuscripts show the doctor in his drug store, instructing his apprentice in the compounding of medicines. It was here that the medieval superstition reigned supreme. The ingredients heated in the furnace and pounded in the mortar could contain anything from crushed rocks to the entrails of animals and dead insects."
Lepers, cripples, and the blind were not uncommon in Medieval England. "Cripples were everywhere. When the only known way to deal with a leg wound, or other leg ailment, was to amputate, it stands to reason that anyone strong enough to survive the primitive and intolerable severance of the limb would be joining a numerous band." Yet, they, along with other sick people had nowhere to turn. Most could not afford medical attention, and hospitals were nothing like that of now."Provision for lepers, who were the outcasts of society, was the motive for the foundation of many of the earliest hospitals, which were intended not for the cure of the sick but as refuge for the incurable and the dying."
In addition, in regard to the malign or beneficent influence, one is driven to the conclusion that the surest way to survive was to keep away from the doctor. It should be clear that the health conditions for people in England of this time would be so unbearable that it would not be desirable by anybody. It is hard to imagine that anyone could see any benefit to the practices of the time. Yet thus is the case of any era: something commonly accepted of one age is looked down upon by the next. Perhaps a century or two down the historical road mankind will be simply disgusted by the way we live. That’s all for today’s lecture. Thanks.
选项
答案
mortality
解析
本题为细节题,讲座中直接提到In general,infant mortality was extremely heavy.根据笔记直接填人答案即可。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/dI4O777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
AlanTuringandComputerscienceComputerplaysveryimportantroleintoday’sworld,whichistheresultofmanyresearchers
WhenRobertShiller,aYaleeconomistandbestsellingauthor,toldacrowdoffinanceprofessorsandeconomicsstudentslastspr
ClassificationsofCulturesAccordingtoEdwardHall,differentculturesresultindifferentideasabouttheworld.Hallis
ThedayofprotestingatEnglishWikipediabroughtmeasurableresults,1.______thesite’sadministratorsreported:fourmillion
ItislocatedinFontainebleau,thoughitisnotpartofInsead;itemployssomeoftheworld’stopbusinessprofessors,yetit
Madrid—ItwasnomistakethatuniversitycampusesproliferatedduringSpain’sdecade-long,construction-ledboomyears.Educatio
______generatesabouttwothirdsoftheGrossDomesticProductinBritain.
那还是几年前的一个早晨,在太阳刚刚升起来的时候,踏着熹微的晨光,到一个离开旅馆不远的菜市场去。到了邻近菜市场的地方,市场的气氛就逐渐浓了起来。熙熙攘攘的人群,摩肩擦背,来来往往。许多老大娘的菜篮子里装满了蔬菜海味鸡鸭鱼肉。有的篮子里活鱼在摇摆着尾巴,肥鸡在
TheMoralizationSwitchThestartingpointforappreciatingthatthereisadistinctivepartofourpsychologyformorality
A、Demi’sperformanceinthenewfilmisnotverygoodB、DemijustwantstopleaseherfansbygoingnakedC、Demi’spayforStrip
随机试题
社会主义从一国向多国发展壮大起始于()
关于中药饮片的管理不正确的是
按我国《公司法》的规定,企业对员工承担的社会责任有()。
B公司是一家制造企业,2009年度财务报表有关数据如下:B公司没有优先股,目前发行在外的普通股为1000万股。假设B公司的资产全部为经营资产,流动负债全部是经营负债,长期负债全部是金融负债。公司目前已达到稳定增长状态,未来年度将维持2009年的经营效率
师徒二人合作完成一批零件,需要6小时40分钟完成,且师傅每分钟比徒弟多完成1个零件。若师傅一个人单独做,需要10小时完成所有零件。则这批零件共有()个。
领导交代给你一件事,你到下面部门完成以后,领导又提出修改意见,下面部门非常不满,你该怎么办?
Liverpoolcitycouncilwanttoclearthecityoffatpigeons.Theysaythatpeoplearefeedingthebirds,whichmakesthemfat.
张教授:有的歌星的一次出场费比诺贝尔奖金还高,这是不合理的。一般地说,诺贝尔奖得主对人类社会的贡献,要远高于这样那样的明星。李研究员:你忽视了歌星的酬金是一种商业回报,他的一次演出,可能为他的老板带来上千万的利润。张教授:按照你的逻辑,
下列攻击手段中,基于网络的入侵防护系统无法阻断的是()。
WhenLouiseBrownwasbornon25July1978,shekickedoffanera.Thefirst"testtubebaby"isamotherherselfnow,andshe’s
最新回复
(
0
)