2. 外语
  3. In 1742 Benjamin Franklin invented a new type of stove, for which he was offered a patent. Franklin refused it, arguing in his a

In 1742 Benjamin Franklin invented a new type of stove, for which he was offered a patent. Franklin refused it, arguing in his a

admin2016-11-09  87
问题     In 1742 Benjamin Franklin invented a new type of stove, for which he was offered a patent. Franklin refused it, arguing in his autobiography that because "we enjoyed great advantages from the inventions of others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours."
    Most inventors are not as generous as the "Newton of Electricity": They want to turn their inventions into a profit. The patent system, which was developed independently in 15th-century Venice and then in 17th-century England, gave entrepreneurs a monopoly to sell their inventions for a number of years. Yet by the 1860s the patent system came under attack. Patents, critics argued, inhibited future creativity by allowing inventors to rest on their laurels. Recent economic research backs this up.
    The pharmaceutical industry makes the best case for patents (and makes the most of patents when they are approved). Medical research and development (R&D) is costly. Moreover, although a patent application must be filed straight after a drug discovery, clinical trials necessary for drug approval may take several years. This shortens the effective life of the patent, which causes problems. In order to prove the efficacy of a drug, pharmaceuticals have to match the length of a clinical trial to the expected survival time of the patients. A clinical trial for patients with a spreading cancer lasts only three years compared to an 18-year-long trial for those suffering from a milder, localized cancer. Since a typical patent is in force for 20 years, firms only have two years of effective patent length left to commercialize a new drug against the localized cancer.
    The data paint a gloomy picture. Pharmaceutical companies conduct 30 times more clinical trials for recurrent cancer drugs than for preventive drugs. They divert their R&D expenditures away from more curable, localized cancers and focus on incurable spreading and recurrent cancers instead. The patent system encourages pharmaceuticals to pump out drugs aimed at those who have almost no chance of surviving the cancer anyway. This patent distortion costs the U.S. economy around $89 billion a year in lost lives.
    A one-size-fits-all patent system does not cater to the specifics of innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. But tailoring patent law may encourage lobbying and corruption. A careful reform of the patent system is necessary: Complete abolition of patents will not be enough to save cancer patients’ lives.
It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 that________.
选项 A、the patent system contributes much to the recovery of cancer patients
B、some patients of cancer have no easy access to effective drugs
C、pharmaceutical companies invest much money in preventive drugs
D、localized cancers are more difficult to cure than recurrent cancers
答案B
解析 首先要注意题干中的infer这一词的要求，其含义是to suggest indirectly that sth．is true(意指，暗示)，说明这是一道间接推理题。第四段说明制药公司为了经济效益，重点投资于难以治愈的、复发的恶性肿瘤，而不是能治愈的或可控制的肿瘤。这意味着本来有治愈希望的患者被制药公司遗忘了，因此也难以搞到适合自己的药物。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/dUHO777K
0

研究生英语学位课统考（GET）

相关试题推荐
随机试题
最新回复(0)