首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In 1742 Benjamin Franklin invented a new type of stove, for which he was offered a patent. Franklin refused it, arguing in his a
In 1742 Benjamin Franklin invented a new type of stove, for which he was offered a patent. Franklin refused it, arguing in his a
admin
2016-11-09
33
问题
In 1742 Benjamin Franklin invented a new type of stove, for which he was offered a patent. Franklin refused it, arguing in his autobiography that because "we enjoyed great advantages from the inventions of others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours."
Most inventors are not as generous as the "Newton of Electricity": They want to turn their inventions into a profit. The patent system, which was developed independently in 15th-century Venice and then in 17th-century England, gave entrepreneurs a monopoly to sell their inventions for a number of years. Yet by the 1860s the patent system came under attack. Patents, critics argued, inhibited future creativity by allowing inventors to
rest on their laurels
. Recent economic research backs this up.
The pharmaceutical industry makes the best case for patents (and makes the most of patents when they are approved). Medical research and development (R&D) is costly. Moreover, although a patent application must be filed straight after a drug discovery, clinical trials necessary for drug approval may take several years. This shortens the effective life of the patent, which causes problems. In order to prove the efficacy of a drug, pharmaceuticals have to match the length of a clinical trial to the expected survival time of the patients. A clinical trial for patients with a spreading cancer lasts only three years compared to an 18-year-long trial for those suffering from a milder, localized cancer. Since a typical patent is in force for 20 years, firms only have two years of effective patent length left to commercialize a new drug against the localized cancer.
The data paint a gloomy picture. Pharmaceutical companies conduct 30 times more clinical trials for recurrent cancer drugs than for preventive drugs. They divert their R&D expenditures away from more curable, localized cancers and focus on incurable spreading and recurrent cancers instead. The patent system encourages pharmaceuticals to pump out drugs aimed at those who have almost no chance of surviving the cancer anyway. This patent distortion costs the U.S. economy around $89 billion a year in lost lives.
A one-size-fits-all patent system does not cater to the specifics of innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. But tailoring patent law may encourage lobbying and corruption. A careful reform of the patent system is necessary: Complete abolition of patents will not be enough to save cancer patients’ lives.
It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 that________.
选项
A、the patent system contributes much to the recovery of cancer patients
B、some patients of cancer have no easy access to effective drugs
C、pharmaceutical companies invest much money in preventive drugs
D、localized cancers are more difficult to cure than recurrent cancers
答案
B
解析
首先要注意题干中的infer这一词的要求,其含义是to suggest indirectly that sth.is true(意指,暗示),说明这是一道间接推理题。第四段说明制药公司为了经济效益,重点投资于难以治愈的、复发的恶性肿瘤,而不是能治愈的或可控制的肿瘤。这意味着本来有治愈希望的患者被制药公司遗忘了,因此也难以搞到适合自己的药物。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/dUHO777K
0
研究生英语学位课统考(GET)
相关试题推荐
Whydopeoplealwayswanttogetupanddancewhentheyhearmusic?Theusualexplanationisthatthereissomethingembeddedin
Hereisagreatironyof21stcenturyglobalhealth:whilemanyhundredsofmillionsofpeoplelackadequatefoodasaresultof
BBC’sCasualtyprogrammeonSaturdayeveninggaveviewersavoteastowhichoftwopatientsshouldbenefitfromadonation.But
Tousitseemssonaturaltoputupanumbrellatokeepthewateroffwhenitrains.Butactuallytheumbrellawasnotinvented
Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentary
Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentary
(北京大学2008年试题)Anyparentwithachild【C1】______theagesof3and11cantellyou【C2】______technologyhascreptintonearly【C3
Theweatherwasn’tfavorableandbothteamshadto______icyrainandastrongwindduringthematch.(厦门大学2012年试题)
Today,theTowerofLondonisoneofthemostpopulartourist【C1】______andattractso-verthreemillionvisitorsayear.Itwas
Signswarnedthatthetrailwas______eveningoodweatherconditions,soonlyexperiencedandwell-equippedhikersshouldatte
随机试题
脚制动突然失灵时,驾驶人要沉着镇静,握紧转向把,______进行减速。
患者,男,5岁,头皮部初起丘疹色红,灰白色鳞屑成斑,毛发干枯,轻易折断,易于拔落而不疼痛,自觉瘙痒。其诊断是()。
通常我们把()称为第一次产业革命,把()称为第二次产业革命。
下列不属于个人理财业务的相关主体的是()。
根据以下资料回答题。2009年江苏省实现地区生产总值34061.19亿元,比上年增长12.4%。其中,第一产业增加值2201.64亿元,增长4.5%;第二产业增加值18416.13亿元,增长12.5%;第三产业增加值13443.42亿元,增长13.6%。
平素体弱又不轻易锻炼身体的人,从蹲位突然站起来,往往会出现头晕、眼前发黑,甚至晕倒现象,其原因是:
基于题干,回答问题L、M和N三个人中的每一个人都从一街头小贩那里至少买一种食物,该小贩仅售F、H、P和s四种食物。他们根据以下条件来选择他们的食物:(1)每个人最多只买每种食物的一份;(2)若三个人中的某个人买了H,则他不买S;
甲与乙银行签订借款合同,双方约定:借款金额为200万元,借款期限自2008年6月起至2008年12月止。甲同时提供自己的一幢房屋作为抵押,双方另行于2008年7月签订书面抵押合同,并于8月办理了抵押登记。同时,丙为甲的借款提供全额连带保证责任。9月,甲将房
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualor
A、Itmightincreaseairportcapacity.B、Itmightlowerpropertyvalues.C、Itmightleadtoeffectivemodificationofexistingje
最新回复
(
0
)