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  3. In the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethology, the study of animal social behavior. Earlier scientists

In the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethology, the study of animal social behavior. Earlier scientists

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问题     In the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethology, the study of animal social behavior. Earlier scientists had【C1】______that nonhuman social life was almost totally instinctive or fixed by genetics. Much more careful observation has shown that【C2】______variation occurs among the social ties of most species, showing that learning is a part of social life. That is, the【C3】______are not solely fixed by the genes.【C4】______, the learning that occurs is often at an early age in a process that is called imprinting. Imprinting is clearly【C5】______instinctive, but it is not quite like the learning of humans; it is something in between the two. An illustration best【C6】______the nature of imprinting. Once, biologists thought that ducklings followed the mother duck because of instincts. Now we know that, shortly【C7】______they hatch, ducklings fix【C8】______any object about the size of a duck and will henceforth follow it. So ducklings may follow a basketball or a briefcase if these are【C9】______for the mother duck at the time when imprinting occurs. Thus, social ties can be considerably【C10】______, even ones that have a considerable base【C11】______by genetics.
    Even among the social insects something like imprinting【C12】______influence social behavior. For example, biologists once thought bees communicated with others purely 【C13】______instinct. But, in examining a "dance" that bees do to indicate the distance and direction of a pollen source, observers found that bees raised in isolation could not communicate effectively. At a higher level, the genetic base seems to be much more for an all-purpose learning rather than the more specific responses of imprinting. Chimpanzees, for instance, generally【C14】______very good mother but Jane Goodall reports that some chimps carry the infant upside down or【C15】______fail to nurture the young.
【C1】
选项 A、assumed
B、adopted
C、believed
D、surmised
答案A
解析 assume意为“假定，设想”，多用于未证实的假定，根据题意，“早期的科学家，假定非人类动物的社会生活几乎完全是天生的，或是由遗传决定的”，所以A项为正确答案。B项adopt意为“采用，接受”；C项believe意为“相信”；D项surmise意为“猜测，推测”，相当于“guess”。例如：She surmised as such．她如此猜测。
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