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  3. In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For questions 1 — 5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G

In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For questions 1 — 5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G

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问题 In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For questions 1 — 5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices which you do not need to use.
    Forty years ago Walter Mischel, an American psychologist, conducted a famous experiment. He left a series of four-year-olds alone in a room with a candy on the table. He told them that they could eat the candy at once, or wait until he came back and get two candies. 【R1】______.
    Nothing surprising there. The astonishing part was the way that the four-year-olds’ ability to postpone satisfaction was reflected over time in their lives. Those who waited longest scored higher in academic tests at school, were much less likely to drop out of university and earned substantially higher incomes than those who gobbled up the sweet straight away. Those who could not wait at all were far more likely, in later life, to have problems with drugs or alcohol.
    【R2】______. This is not a question of iron will, but about developing habits and strategies that trigger helpful processes in the unconscious, rather than unproductive ones. What matters is to learn to perceive property, people or situations in ways that reduce the temptation to lie, to steal or behave in a self-destructive way.
    The author’s aim is to show how recent research has illuminated the complex processes of the brain. "We have inherited an obsolete, shallow model of human nature," he argues. 【R3】______.
    The shaping of this delicate balance begins early in life: the children who were best at leaving their candy on the plate tended to come from stable, organised homes. Culture and the community in which a child is raised help to build the way the conscious and unconscious intertwine. 【R4】______.
    What does all this mean for public policy? Mr. Brooks complains that policies too frequently rely on an overly simplistic, rationalist view of human nature. That may be true, but all too many foolish policies rely on the collective reluctance of the voters to leave candies uneaten on the table. More to the point, how can a country curb crime, create true equality and reduce the social and economic costs of bad decisions? 【R5】______.
    So Mr. Brooks has done well to draw such vivid attention to the wide implications of the accumulated research on the mind and the triggers of human behaviour. But more books remain to be written about the way societies should respond to what we now know.
[A]Study after study, many of them little known, show that people take decisions about their jobs, relationships, actions and morals in ways that involve a complex interaction between the conscious and the unconscious mind. The most important decisions begin in the realm of the unconscious, although they are often influenced by the conscious.
[B]The result was that they, as we can predict, almost had no way to resist the temptation and eat it immediately right after the researcher’s leaving.
[C]Education systems exist mainly to build the rational mind, and yet the decisions that are most important in making people happy are the ones in which reason plays little or no part: the development of friendships and the choice of a spouse. Public policy has largely ignored this.
[D]In his fascinating study of the unconscious mind and its impact on our lives, David Brooks uses this story to illustrate how the conscious mind learns to conquer the unconscious.
[E]Recreations of the experiment on YouTube show what happens next. Some eat it immediately. Others try all kinds of strategies to leave the tempting treat alone.
[F]The author argues that much needs to be done by the government itself to improve policy design and empower all citizens to participate in the process. He identifies concrete strategies for policymakers to enhance the role of citizens without sacrificing program effectiveness.
[G]Mr. Brooks recounts a survey of diplomats who failed to pay parking fines in New York. By far the worst non-payers came from countries where corruption is common: Egypt, Pakistan, Nigeria and so on. By contrast, diplomats from Sweden, Denmark, Japan, Israel, Norway and Canada had no unpaid fines at all. "Thousands of miles away from home," Mr. Brooks writes, "diplomats still carried their domestic cultural norms inside their heads. "
【R1】
选项
答案E
解析 本题空格出现在第一段末。第一段主要介绍了一项实验，空格上文指出孩子们面临两种选择，他们可以立即吃掉糖果，或者等待实验者回来，这样他们将会得到两块糖。可以看出，这一部分只是对实验规则和实验方法的描述。空格下文即第二段首句指出，这一点都不奇怪。显然，这是作者针对实验结果的评论。空格处上下文的语意断层表明空格部分需要填入的内容应该是关于实验结果的描述。浏览各备选项，只有[B][明两项交代了实验结果。[B]选项交代所有孩子都经不起诱惑而吃了糖果，[E]选项说一些孩子吃了糖果，而另一些孩子没有吃。继续阅读第二段内容，我们发现该段是对孩子们的两种不同行为进行比较。这就证明，并不是所有的孩子都吃了糖果，有一些孩子具有延迟满足感的能力。因此正确选项是[E]。
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