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In the 19th century, there used to be a model of how to be a good person. There are all these torrents of passion flowing throug

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问题     In the 19th century, there used to be a model of how to be a good person. There are all these torrents of passion flowing through you. Your job, as captain of your soul, is to erect dams to keep these passions in check. Your job is to just say no to laziness, lust, greed, drug use and the other sins.
    These days that model is out of fashion. You usually can’t change your behavior by simply resolving to do something. Knowing what to do is not the same as being able to do it. Your willpower is not like a dam that can block the torrent of self-indulgence. It’s more like a muscle, which tires easily. Moreover, you’re a social being. If everybody around you is overeating, you’ll probably do so, too.
    The 19th-century character model was based on an understanding of free will. Today, we know that free will is bounded. People can change their lives, but ordering change is not simple because many things, even within ourselves, are beyond our direct control.
    Much of our behavior, for example, is guided by unconscious habits. Researchers at Duke University calculated that more than 40 percent of the actions we take are governed by habit, not actual decisions. Researchers have also come to understand the structure of habits—cue, routine, reward. You can change your own personal habits. If you leave running shorts on the floor at night, that’ll be a cue to go running in the morning. Don’t try to ignore your afternoon snack craving. Every time you feel the cue for a snack, insert another routine. Take a walk.
    Their research thus implies a different character model, which is supposed to manipulate the neural networks inside. To be an effective person, under this model, you are supposed to coolly examine your own unconscious habits, and the habits of those under your care. You are supposed to devise strategies to alter the cues and routines. Every relationship becomes slightly manipulative, including your relationship with yourself. You’re trying to arouse certain responses by implanting certain cues.
    This is a bit disturbing, because the important habitual neural networks are not formed by mere routine, nor can they be reversed by clever cues. They are burned in by emotion and strengthened by strong yearnings, like the yearnings for admiration and righteousness.
    If you think you can change your life in a clever way, the way an advertiser can get you to buy an air freshener, you’re probably wrong. As the Victorians understood, if you want to change your life, don’t just look for a clever cue. Commit to some larger global belief.
Which of the following is a key element in the 19th-century character model?
选项 A、Passion.
B、Determination.
C、Capability.
D、Action.
答案B
解析 本题关键词是19th-century和character model，问题是19世纪的品格模式中的重要因素是什么。可定位到第一段。第一段第四句指出，你的任务(job)就是要向懒惰、欲望、贪婪、毒品及其他罪恶 (sins)说不(say no)。第二段第二句说，你通常很难通过简单地下决心做某事(resolve to do something)来改变自己的行为(change your behavior)。由此可知，19世纪的品格模式中所强调的关键要素是决心，因此选项B中的“决心(determination)”与原文含义相同，为正确答案。选项A属于主观推导，因为第一段第二句和第三句说，你的体内流淌着很多情感(passion)的洪流。作为你的灵魂的引导者(captain of your soul)，你的职责(job)就是树立堤坝(erect dam)来控制这些情感。由此可知，19世纪的品格模式倡导的是人要有决心来控制住身体内的诸多情感，因此该模式强调的关键因素是“决心”而不是“激情(passion)”。选项C与选项D均属于答非所问，“能力(capability)”与“行动(action)”均不是19世纪的品格模式中的内容，与该模式没有关系。第一段：19世纪的好人模式提倡人要学会控制情感，敢于向罪恶说不。
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