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  3. War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural (1)_____ of a

War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural (1)_____ of a

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问题     War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural (1)_____ of anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressed (2)_____ acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans (3)_____ with animals. Aggression is a kind of (4)_____ survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation that (5)_____ animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violent (6)_____ evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression violence can not be (7)_____ reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give (8)_____ to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social (9)_____: It is a strategy for (10)_____ the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been (11)_____.
    The violence within society is controlled through (12)_____ of law. The more developed a (13)_____ system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violence acts. In most tribal societies the only (14)_____ to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility of personally carrying out judgment and punishment (15)_____ the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and (16)_____ The society assumes the responsibility for (17)_____ individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for (18)_____ punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge (19)_____ by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility of their protection.
    The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. (20)_____ the one protects the individual form violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state.

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