首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
How to Approach Discursive Writing? How to improve the effectiveness of students’ writing? There are six stages which shoul
How to Approach Discursive Writing? How to improve the effectiveness of students’ writing? There are six stages which shoul
admin
2016-06-30
58
问题
How to Approach Discursive Writing?
How to improve the effectiveness of students’ writing? There are six stages
which should be paid attention to in the process of discursive writing.
I. Brainstorming
—features: think fast and with no【T1】______【T1】______
—teachers’ role: 【T2】______【T2】______
—evaluating ideas: intimidating and having a【T3】______effect【T3】______
II. Assessing ideas
—assess the【T4】______and usefulness【T4】______
-【T5】______【T5】______
—establish a structure
III. Focusing on coherence and cohesion
1. coherence
—【T6】______of ideas【T6】______
—emphasizing the topic and【T7】______【T7】______
—examing the order
2. cohesion
—grammatical and lexical connections
—classification of the grammatical links
—【T8】______: pronouns and demonstratives【T8】______
—ellipsis
-【T9】______【T9】______
—example:
—results of misusing pronouns: confusion and【T10】______【T10】______
IV. Organizing ideas
—organize a linear format
—emphasize the【T11】______of each paragraph【T11】______
—discuss the【T12】______【T12】______
—work in groups to avoid the【T13】______atmosphere【T13】______
V. Writing
—co-operative writing between writer and reader
—advantages: make the task more realistic and【T14】______【T14】______
VI.【T15】______and reading【T15】______
—reformulate the first draft: code-correction or underlining errors
—exchange compositions after writing the final draft
【T5】
How to Approach Discursive Writing?
Good morning, everyone. Last class we discussed that it is possible to combine a process and product driven approach to writing. Today we will argue how to approach discursive writing. There are six stages which should be paid attention to in the process of writing.
Since writing is primarily about organizing information and communicating meaning, generating ideas is clearly going to be a crucial part of the writing process. Getting started, as much for people writing in their own language as for those writing in a foreign language, is one of the most difficult and inhibiting phases of the writing process. Idea generating is a key in facilitating the transition from thought to paper. A brainstorming activity is an effective way of getting ideas flowing. Therefore, let’s come to see the first stage—brainstorming.
Brainstorming consists of group discussion. Everyone would discuss an idea, the answer to or reasons for a problem. Fox example, in a lesson I taught previously I asked students to brainstorm the reasons why people take drugs.(1)Brainstorming involves thinking quickly and without inhibition, which can ultimately lead to an interesting piece of writing.(2)I would remain in the background during this phase, only supplying the language support when you need it, so as not to inhibit you in the production of the ideas.(3)Evaluating ideas during brainstorming can be intimidating, and can have a negative effect, limiting the creativity the process is designed to promote.
The relevance and practicality of the ideas produced during brainstorming can be assessed more objectively in the next stage, which is encouraging you to extend your ideas into a mind map, or spidergram.(4)It is in this stage that you can judge the quality and usefulness of your ideas.(5)A mind map or spidergram is also an organized display of information, which can be more easily converted into a draft. Such graphics also make the hierarchical relationship of ideas more easily obvious, which will help you with the structure of your texts.
OK, now we will review what we did learn in my previous lesson before discussing the third stage. I argued that it is possible to combine a process and product driven approach to writing. The above steps mentioned here have focused on the varied classroom activities which promote the development of language use. It is these discussion stages, so important in helping you to decide what you want to say, that I believe to be of great importance from the " process driven approach". It is after these discussion stages, and the organization of ideas in note form, that I tend to introduce a model text.
The reading of a model text, so important in a product driven approach to writing, is not so as to subjugate your ideas to your organization, but so as to make you aware that there is a particular way to express your ideas. In this way you are given the form in order to enable you to adapt it to carry your own meaning. Ellis found evidence to suggest that "focusing learners’ attention on forms and the meanings they realize in the context of communicative activities, results in successful language learning. "
(6)In the model text, on the one hand, we should focus on coherence, which refers to the logical development of ideas within a text and it is an important subskill for you to be aware of.(7)I can highlight this in various ways, by focusing on the topic and function of each paragraph for example, or by examining how you have chosen to order your arguments. This focus will hopefully show you that if you are to convey your message successfully, you will have to make your text "reader friendly".
On the other hand, we should also pay attention to model text cohesion, which refers to the grammatical and lexical connections between individual clauses. The grammatical links can be classified under three broad types: (8)(1)Referents such as pronouns, the article "the" , demonstratives and so on: (2)Ellipsis which refers to leaving out of words or phrases where they are unnecessary: (9)(3)Conjunction which refers to a word which joins phrases or clauses together.
(10)Pronouns, whether subject, object, possessive, relative, or reflexive, are often underused or misused while performing a writing task, resulting in either confusion as to the referent or tedious repetition of a noun. One way of raising awareness of the key function that pronouns play within a text is to circle all the pronouns, then use arrows to connect them to their referents. This shows that pronouns can be found by looking back or forwards in the text. There are many other activities that can be used to focus on cohesion. For example, replacing a sentence which is missing from each paragraph, or replacing the first sentence of each paragraph, matching clauses which have been separated or gapping conjunctions which you must replace from a selection. After raising your awareness of the grammatical and stylistic devices employed in the model text, you should begin to organize your mind maps into a linear format, i. e. , the text structure of the model text.(11)This provides you with an opportunity to further sift and/or logically connect your ideas, to focus them on the precise function of each paragraph, which will help to clarify your writing.(12)We will also have to discuss the overall structure, i. e. , the order in which to relay your information, depending on the impact you wish to have on the reader. All of the above activities work best if carried out in groups as groupings make the tasks livelier and more enjoyable.(13)Moreover, if you can work together, assisting each other, then the atmosphere of the writing class may be less intimidating, and perhaps you will not be afraid of the complexity of writing tasks.
The next stage involves you in writing the first draft of your texts with a partner. This pair work will help you see that writing really is co-operative, a relationship between writer and reader.(14)Usually, the writer has to imagine a reader, but co-operative writing provides you with a reader and makes the task more realistic and interactive.
(15)OK, let’s talk about the last stage: correction and reading. The first draft could be corrected in a number of ways, depending on your aims. I could code-correct, or simply underline errors, then help you to reformulate your first drafts with the aid of the model text. Once the final drafts are written, you should then exchange your compositions so that you become readers of each other’s work. This gives your texts a communicative purpose, as well as developing an awareness of the fact that you are always producing something to be read by someone else, rather than for the display of writing alone.
So, now it’s much easier to approach discursive writing, isn’t it? We know that learning to write coherently, in a way suitable to one’s purpose and one’s audience is clearly a very difficult task. However, writing is a valuable skill, one which is worth all the classroom time and more spent on it. Therefore, I present writing as a stimulating process, and engage you in the act of creating a text, then help you to improve the effectiveness of your writing. I hope these suggestions provide you with enough hints. Thank you for listening.
选项
答案
organize graphics
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/eG7O777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
InterviewTipsforCollegeStudentsMostofthestudentsarebusylookingforajobnow,hence,knowingsomeinterviewtips
Thelatesthottopicamongeconomictalkingheadsisthecomingcurrencywar.Accordingtoconventionalwisdom,there’sariskt
TheAmericanDream:MythorReality?Thoughtheterm"AmericanDream"iswidelyusedtoday,thereexistmanyproblemswese
Whileattendingahighereducationsystemoffersmanypositives,italsoofferscertainnegatives.Onenegativeisthefacthigh
Thetranslatormusthaveanexcellent,up-to-dateknowledgeofhissourcelanguages,fullfacilityinthehandlingofhistarget
First,whilelanguageprovidesameansofsayinganddoingthings,teachingisgenerallybeingdivorcedfromtheusewemakeof
First,whilelanguageprovidesameansofsayinganddoingthings,teachingisgenerallybeingdivorcedfromtheusewemakeof
Morepeopledieoftuberculosis(结核病)thanofanyotherdiseasecausedbyasingleagent.Thishasprobablybeenthecaseinquit
Iwasonly8yearsoldonJuly20,1969,whenNeilArmstrong,38-year-oldcommanderofApollo11,descendedthecrampedlunarmo
随机试题
《李将军列传》一文中,交代李广被迫自杀的战争是“随卫青击匈奴之战”。()
下列哪项是我国最常见的B细胞性淋巴瘤
根据GBl8871,核医学科应按的大小来分级
意大利文艺复兴早期的建筑奠基人及其主要代表作品是()。
(2008)由于二次流的影响,在相同的边界条件下,弯管内的受迫对流传热系数与直管时的对流传热系数有所不同。因此在用直管的对流传热准则关系式计算弯管情况下对流传热系数时,都要在计算的结果上乘以一个修正系数,这个系数_()。
整体出厂的泵超过防锈保证期或有明显缺陷需拆卸时,其拆卸、清洗和检查应符合设备技术文件的规定。当无规定时,应满足的要求有()。
建设项目总投资中的预备费包含基本预备费和涨价预备费,其中基本预备费以______为计算基准。
根据《公司法》规定,股东权中的固有权与非固有权的划分标准是()。
助人行为最直接的根源和内在主导因素是()
在偏态分布中,平均数、中数、众数三者之间的关系是()。
最新回复
(
0
)