2. 考研
  3. [A] Mind your language [B] Know the facts [C] Speak and listen fearlessly [D] Don’ t argue to win [E] Try to underst

[A] Mind your language [B] Know the facts [C] Speak and listen fearlessly [D] Don’ t argue to win [E] Try to underst

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问题    [A] Mind your language
   [B] Know the facts
   [C] Speak and listen fearlessly
   [D] Don’ t argue to win
   [E] Try to understand
   [F] Listen carefully
   [G] Avoid impetuosity
   If the 2016 presidential election has shown us anything, it’s that it sometimes seems as if opposing views can never be reconciled. In the days since Donald J. Trump has been elected president, thousands of angry people have protested in at least 52 cities across the United States.
   So this may be a good time to explore what psychologists and philosophers say are the most effective ways to argue. And by "argue" they do not mean "quarrel," but communicate without rancor or faulty reasoning with someone who has an opposing viewpoint, with the hope of broadening one’ s understanding of people and ideas. Here are a few suggestions:
   【R1】______
   The aim of an argument should not be proving who is right, but conveying that you care about the issues, said Amy J. C. Cuddy, a social psychologist and associate professor at Harvard University. Show the person with whom you are speaking that you care about what he or she says. The goal should be to state your views and to hear theirs. It should not be: "I am not leaving until you admit that you are wrong, or here is what I believe, and I am not budging from this," said Dr. Cuddy.
   【R2】______
   Some people start an argument by staking their position and refusing to budge, Dr. Cuddy called it an impulse. Instead, try to understand the other person’s point of view; it does not mean you have to agree with him or her, or that you are abandoning deeply felt objections to, for example, racism or sexism, she said. "Think of it from a courage perspective: I can go in and I am going to ask questions that are truly, honestly aimed at increasing my understanding of where he or she is coming from."
   【R3】______
   Dr. Gutting says it helps to use neutral or charitable language when acknowledging opposing viewpoints, especially during arguments over politics. Don’t think of an argument as an opportunity to convince the other person of your view; think of it as a way to test and improve your opinions. It is rarely productive to nitpick errors in your interlocutor’s remarks. In his book "How to Argue About Politics," Dr. Gutting writes that, in many political arguments, the people we think we "convince" almost always already agree with us.
   【R4】______
   A good argument is supported by evidence, but that is just a starting point. Sometimes, especially with political back-and-forths, one side will look only at evidence supporting its own position, conveniently leaving out the full picture, Dr. Gutting noted. "An effective argument would have to take account of all the relevant evidence," he said.
   【R5】______
   George Yancy, a philosophy professor at Emory University who has written extensively about race, was asked by a student this year why he even bothered to discuss race with white supremacists. Dr. Yancy said he told his student there was a need to inform white people about how African-Americans think about race. "So for me, the condition for a conversation has to be that you are unafraid to speak courageously, and you are unafraid to tell your partner exactly what it is that you think about the world." he added. "One of the conditions for the possibility of a fruitful argument is to allow for some kind of opening up in myself to hear."
【R5】
选项
答案C
解析 本段通过哲学教授乔治-扬希与学生的对话来阐明中心。乔治-扬希与白人至上主义者讨论种族问题，并针锋相对，表明辩论中需要大胆表达，与C项speak fearlessly意思一致。同时他说One of the conditions for the possibility of a fruitful argument is to allow for some kind of opening up in myself to hear，这里hear与C项listen为同义词，故本题选C。
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