首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Library The library is a place where books, journals, microfilms, audio and visual materials are kept and organized to suppo
Library The library is a place where books, journals, microfilms, audio and visual materials are kept and organized to suppo
admin
2010-06-11
42
问题
Library
The library is a place where books, journals, microfilms, audio and visual materials are kept and organized to support the cultural, informational, recreational, and educational needs of the general public or specific groups of users. Recent advances in computing and communication technologies have transformed the contemporary library: it is not only a warehouse, but now also an active member in a vast network of libraries and databanks through which users have access to a world-wide store of recorded knowledge.
The most common kinds of libraries are public libraries and those of schools, colleges and universities, and government. In addition, many specialized libraries serving industry, commerce, the media, and the professions have been established during the past half century. In the United States and Canada alone more than 135,000 libraries exist, ranging in size from the Library of Congress to the smallest elementary school facilities.
Classification Systems and the Catalog
Library classification systems permit users to find a particular book or author, or to discover what books on a particular subject are held by the library. Most libraries use one of three major classification systems: the Dewey Decimal System, invented by Melvil Dewey; the Universal Decimal Classification, a European adaptation of Dewey; or a system developed by the Library of Congress. The library’s catalog not only lists the library’s contents but also analyzes them, so that all works by an individual author, all works on a given subject, and all works in a specific category (dictionaries, music, or maps, for example) can be easily located by readers. The modem catalog is a practical tool that is the result of the analysis of the subject, category, and contents of books, videocassettes, microfilms, compact discs, and a host of other informational vehicles.
The library’s own card catalog is only one of the many forms in which catalog and bibliographic materials are available. Large libraries own the National Union Catalog, for example, a cumulative listing of the library resources of the Library of Congress and other major and specialized libraries in the United States and Canada. Specialized libraries may own or subscribe to such specialized catalogs as the Eighteenth Century Short Title Catalog (ESTC), a computerized database listing every publication--book, pamphlet, or single sheet -- printed between 170l and 1800 in English or, if in a foreign language, in English-speaking countries.
Cataloging and classifying are expensive processes. Many libraries cut expenses by subscribing to a computerized bibliographic service. To locate materials that are not among its. holdings, a library may inquire the Online Computer Library Center ( OCLC ) or the Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN), which are the two major national catalog networks. Through their computerized databases, these networks offer interlibrary loan services that can operate, if necessary, across the continent.
History
The earliest ancient libraries were clay tablet storerooms in ancient Mesopotamia, and the later papyrus scroll libraries in Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Ashurbanipal’s library in Nineveh (7th century BC) consisted of thousands of inscribed clay tablets recording laws, astronomical data, commercial transactions, narrative poems, and royal happenings. A 30,000-tablet library has been discovered at diggings in the ancient Sumerian city of Nippur, and other extensive libraries have been found throughout the Mesopotamian region.
The earliest large Greek library is traced to Aristotle (4th century BC), but the greatest was established (3d century BC) by Ptolemy I in the museum at Alexandria, Egypt. Scholars there copied, revised and edited works of the classical Greek writers. Their copies of ancient works became the standard editions on which other ancient copyists and libraries depended and, ultimately, the basis of most of the manuscripts in European libraries. The library flourished for several centuries and held about 500,000 papyrus scrolls.
Libraries in the Middle Ages were established in monasteries throughout Europe, and in cathedrals that served as links between the monasteries and universities. Manuscripts were laboriously copied by hand on sheets of sheep skin that were assembled into wood-bound volumes.
In the Muslim word, Damascus, Baghdad, and many other cities had libraries, but most were destroyed by the 13th century. In China the first libraries were established during the Qin (Ch’in) dynasty (221-206 BC), when one copy of every book in the empire was placed in an imperial library and all other copies (with certain exceptions) were burned. In the 1st century AD the Hen dynasty Imperial Library owned 677 works, of which 47 survive. The Sui dynasty library (7th century AD) had over 5,000 titles and divided its holdings into four categories: Confucian classics, philosophy, history, and literature. This division was used until the 20th century. The Song (Sung) dynasty saw the invention of movable-type printing, and both inexpensive books and large private libraries made their appearance. No Western-style libraries existed for the general public until after the fall of the Qing (Ch’ing) dynasty in 1911.
In Europe the advent of printing in the 15th century brought down the cost of books by speeding up the process of copying. Private libraries became more common, and by the 17th century a few public libraries had come into being. Thereafter the number of libraries increased in both Europe and America. Users remained few in number, however, until literacy became more widespread during the 18th century.
In the 17th century, France’s national library, the Bibliotheque Nationale, was founded in Pads. The British Library, originally a part of the British Museum, was sat up during the 8th century. The first academic library in the United States was established by John Harvard at Harvard College in 1638. In 1731, Benjamin Franklin founded the Library Company of Philadelphia, the first subscription library in America. Dues paid by its members were used to buy books, which could then be borrowed, without charge, by the members. Franklin’s library provided a pattern for the modern public library, a uniquely American institution where anyone may independently pursue self-education.
The first U. S. public library was opened in Salisbury, Conn., in 1803, the result of a gift of 150 books by a resident. New York State began to develop its free public libraries beginning in 1835,by legislating the establishment of tax-suppored libraries in state school districts. Within each state, library system developed rapidly under the administration’ of municipalities, counties, or regions. The U. S. federal government established national libraries of medicine and agriculture, as well as departmental and agency libraries: it supports the Library of Congress and provides some funding for the various public and institutional library systems in the country.
Most countries have now established their own national libraries, but their oldest university libraries often have richer collections of rare materials. Harvard and Yale in the United States and Oxford (the Bodleian Library) and Cambridge in England are famous for their bibliographical treasures. Government libraries for the most part date flora the 19th and 20th centuries; the great public libraries -- those of New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago -- though older, did not develop into anything even approaching their present size until late in the 19th century.
Two national libraries, one in Beijing (People’s Republic of China ) and the other in Taipei (Taiwan), opened their new buildings in 1987 and 1988 ,respectively. The Beijing library is among the largest in the world, with holdings of 14 million items. (The world’s largest is the U. S• Library of Congress, with over 88 million items in 1988, including 14. 5 million books and 36. 5 million manuscripts. )
Library Trends
The trend of library policy is clearly toward the ideal of making all information available inexpensively and quickly to all people. Because of the information explosion and the issues raised by the control and preservation of knowledge, accomplishment of this goal is difficult. Reductions in public funding, the increase in paper-format (book) publishing, and rising costs of technology make it necessary for conservationists, archivists and librarians to cooperate in resolving their problems. For example, paper decay has plagued libraries for many years. Microfilm copying, was adopted as a makeshift way of maintaining readability, but now, stress is being placed on conservation techniques to stop the decay of the volumes themselves, New standards for permanent paper are being proposed, as well as direct publication in non-print media.
Preservation, as the 21st century nears, extends beyond familiar maintenance and responsibilities. The problem of preserving not just the physical media (books, journals, and so on, but the momentary information embodied in electronic form must now be faced. Ambiguous public policy, costly technology, an unfavorable economy, and a growing shortage of qualified librarians are all combined to make the healthful survival of libraries one of the major issues of the 1990s.
The first U. S public library was opened in 1803 ,the result of a gift of ____________.
选项
答案
150 books by a resident
解析
见小标题 History 下第七段第一句话。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/f8KK777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
A、Thelibraryiswithinwalkingdistance.B、Thestreetsarenotingoodcondition.C、Themanshouldgetacarinstead.D、Theman
Becausethreatschange.根据题干中的securitymeasures定位到原文最后一段首句ButMr.Hawleyinsiststhatsecuritymeasuresshouldnotrelysolelyon
The"wiredcities"intheUnitedStateswerenotconstructed,______.TheInternetwas______.
A、Tofindoutwhenthefilmstarts.B、Toshowthemanareview.C、Toworkonitwhiletheyareatthelibrary.D、Tokilltimebe
A、ThegrowthofQueen’sUniversity.B、Atransitioninuniversityeducation.C、Majordifferencesbetweensecondaryschoolsandco
A、Toplaytheviolinonceagain.B、TogototheUnitedStates.C、Toacceptafullscholarship.D、Tomakeataperecording.DWhat
A、Heishappythathisparentsarecoming.B、He’sthinkingaboutanumberofthings.C、He’snotfeelingverywell.D、He’slookin
A、TheysendthemessagetothePresidentwithintendays.B、Theyofficiallystatereasonsforrejectingthemessage.C、Theymeet
Ina21st-centuryworkplace,whatisusedbythebosstomonitorhisemployees’computers?NetVizorcancreateacopyofwhatth
Whataccountsfortheincreasingnumberofbackpainsufferersinmodernlifeisanumberoffactorssuchasoverweight,lackof
随机试题
某厂为了分析某过程质量的分布状况,收集了100个数据,其中最大值Xmax=351克,最小值Xmin=302克。取直方图的分组数k为10组,试确定该直方图第一组的界限值;若做出的直方图与标准对照呈无富余型。试给出工序渊整的措施。
在法庭审理过程中,被告人屠某、沈某和证人朱某提出在侦查期间遭到非法取证,要求确认其审前供述或证言不具备证据能力。下列哪些情形下应当根据法律规定排除上述证据?(2013年卷二68题)
环境影响评价技术导则是由()和()组成的。
七彩公司以“文化娱乐性”和“观光游览性”为两维坐标,将旅游业分为不同的战略群组,并将“文化娱乐性高、观光游览性低”的文艺演出与“文化娱乐性低、观光游览性高”的实景旅游两类功能结合起来,率先创建了“人物山水”旅游项目,它将震撼的文艺演出置于秀丽山水之中,让观
根据民法通则及相关规定,民事法律行为应当具备下列哪些条件?
知识分子常有一种错误的想法,以为只有学问、技能、才智之类才算真本事,对于那些手段、权谋、伎俩则不屑一顾。世间凭前三者干出一番功业的确实不乏其人,但拥有现世荣华的还是后三者居多。世间的价值标准混乱不堪,评价起来殊非易事。但无论用冷眼还是用热心肠看世界,有学问
针对作弊屡禁不止的现象,某学院某班承诺,只要全班同学都在承诺书上签字,那么,如果全班有一人作弊,全班同学的考试成绩都以不及格计。校方接受并实施了该班的这一承诺。结果班上还是有人作弊,但班长的考试成绩是优秀。以下哪项是从上述断定合乎逻辑地得出的结论?
下列技术中,不属于无线接入技术的是()。
—Areyouexcitedaboutgraduationandgoingintotheworld?—Notreally.Ihaven’tbeenabletofindajob.—_________.
Peopleappeartobeborntocompute.Thenumericalskillsofchildrendevelopsoearlyandsoinexorably(坚定地)thatitiseasyt
最新回复
(
0
)