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  3. Researchers are increasingly interested in manipulating the environment early in children’s lives when they are perceived to be

Researchers are increasingly interested in manipulating the environment early in children’s lives when they are perceived to be

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问题     Researchers are increasingly interested in manipulating the environment early in children’s lives when they are perceived to be at risk for impoverished intelligence. In a program conducted in North Carolina by Craig Ramey and his associates, pregnant women with IQs averaging 80 were recruited for a study. After their babies were born, half of the infants were cared for during the day at an educational day-care center and half were reared at home by their mothers. Both groups of children were given medical care and dietary supplements, and their families were given social services if they requested them.
    At the age of 3, the children who attended the educational day-care center had significantly higher IQs than did the home-reared children. This difference was likely due to the decline in the IQs of the home-reared children during the period from 12 to 18 months of age. By the time the children were 5 years old, 39 percent of the home-reared children had IQs below 85 but only 11 percent of the educational day-care children had IQs this low. In the most recent evaluation of this project, positive effects of educational day-care on the intellectual development and academic achievement of the children were evident at age 12.
    Some parents, such as those in Ramey’s study, have difficulty providing an adequate environment for the intellectual needs of their infants. Once these difficulties are a recurring part of the family system, changing efforts probably will be more difficult and costly. Early intervention in the family system is directed at changing parental adaptive and responsive functioning so that permanent negative effects are minimized.
    In another investigation, the Infant Health and Development (IHD) Program, early intervention with low birth weight children revealed that both home visitation (探望) and an educational child curriculum improved the children’s IQs, decreased behavior problems, and improved the home environment. The intervention was more effective with mothers with low educational attainment than those with high educational attainment, more effective for African-American than White children, and effective for most at-risk children.
    Intervention programs have the most positive effects on children’s well-being when they (a) begin as early as possible, (b) provide services to parents as well as to the children, (c) have a low child-teacher ratio, (d) have high parental involvement, and (e) have frequent contacts. In one review of family intervention studies, intervention was more effective when there were eleven or more contacts between the intervener and the family. While eleven sessions is a somewhat arbitrary number, it does indicate that a certain duration of contact is necessary for intervention success.
The finding that children reared at home had low IQs at age 12 indicates______.
选项 A、educational day-care centers are the best place for children to grow up in
B、parents fail to provide an adequate environment for their intelligence growth
C、the age of 12 is a critical point in time for intellectual development in children
D、intellectual development and academic achievement of children are closely related
答案B
解析 文章第二段末句提到，孩子12岁时，日托所对孩子的智力发育和学业的积极影响会很明显；文章第三段首句又指出，一些家长没有能力为婴儿提供适合其智力发展需要的环境，从而可以确定答案为B)。原文只是把日托所和家庭这两种环境做比较分析，指出在日托所抚养的孩子智商比在家里抚养的孩子的智商要高，但不能说明日托所就是孩子成长的最好环境，故A)错误。
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