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  3. Psychologists take opposing view of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behav

Psychologists take opposing view of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behav

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问题     Psychologists take opposing view of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various as pects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators.  But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they are working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it is easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for re wards."
    A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary’ a chievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenbcrger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to’ tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
The phrase token economies (the first sentence of Para. 5) probably refers to ______.
选项 A、ways to develop economy
B、systems of rewarding students
C、aproaches to solving problems
D、methods of improving performance
答案B
解析 此题考查学生猜词义的能力。token economies所在的句子就是该词的提示，此句意为：学生能够解决处理挑战性的问题就可以得到奖赏的积分点，这种所谓的象征性制度的使用在提高学生的努力程度和创造性上显示了希望。，由此可见token economies是一种奖励制度。因此B项正确。
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