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  3. There is a common misconception that the single most important factor in science and development is the need for adequate fundin

There is a common misconception that the single most important factor in science and development is the need for adequate fundin

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问题     There is a common misconception that the single most important factor in science and development is the need for adequate funding for relevant research. This type of thinking—sometimes described as the "science push" model of development—tends to focus on the proportion of a country’s gross national product spent on research and development.
    But spending on research is part of a broader picture. An arguably larger role is played by government policies affecting the practical application of scientific knowledge. This usually involves embedding such knowledge in technological products and processes, what is widely described as "technology transfer".
    Technology transfer has in the past often been demonised in many development policy circles as a process by which multinational corporations become rich at the expense of poor countries—selling them products they cannot afford and keeping them politically subservient by refusing to license technical know-how.
    But as developing countries have become increasingly integrated into a single global economy, such thinking has changed.
    For regions like East Asia or Latin America, effective technology transfer, tapping into the scientific and technical knowledge of not only researchers in the North, but increasingly their own, is now recognised as essential to economic growth and social prosperity.
    One important theme to emerge is that technology transfer has become a complex business, with many different actors. But, just as important, is the fact that society’ s poorest sectors are often forgotten in technology transfer debates. Debates raised by the poverty gap between rich and poor countries are being replaced by concerns about the gap within developing countries themselves.
    This should come as little surprise. In practice, the private sector tends to provide the most widely used channels for technology transfer. This is largely because the most effective mechanism for promoting rapid technology innovation is the market, with incentives for entrepreneurs and rewards, through patents, for inventors.
    But governments still share substantial responsibility for making technology transfer work effectively and in the national interest. They must, for example, invest in the capital and intellectual infrastructure needed for smooth technology transfer. This includes investing in university-based research and training, to ensure that a country has the knowledge and skills it needs to not only acquire but also use new technologies.
    Governments also need to regulate all transferred technologies—these should not just be useful, but socially acceptable as well. Governments must develop public institutions that can make such a judgement, either by adopting international criteria(on safety levels, for example)or by developing criteria of their own.
The phrase "a broader picture"(Line 1, Paragraph 2)refers to______.
选项 A、GNP spent on research and development
B、the "science push" model of development
C、the vital role played by government policies
D、the practical application of scientific knowledge
答案D
解析 根据第二段前两句“But spending on research is part of a broader picture．An arguably largerrole is played by government policies affecting the practical application of scientific knowledge”，D应为答案。
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