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  3. 　 　In the late years of the nineteenth century, "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organisations

　 　In the late years of the nineteenth century, "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organisations

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问题 　  　In the late years of the nineteenth century, "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organisations on modem lines. Many old firms was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. Meanwhile the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.
　　  The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. During the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialisation Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilisation.
　　  The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of employees in the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. he paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the workers and their demands, but even he had seldom familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organisation of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled theworkmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lookout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.
We learn from the text that
选项 A、shareholders often cast negative influence on the well-being of workers.
B、owners of traditional firm enjoyed a good relationship with their employees.
C、limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly.
D、trade unions had a positive role on workers and the management.
答案D
解析 从文章可知：选项A：股东通常对工人的福利产生负面影响。文章没有说，只是在最后一段的首句说他对劳资之间的关系影响不好：and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good。选项B：传统家庭作坊式的业主和雇员的关系很好。文章没说，只是表示他们很熟悉自己的雇工。选项C：有限责任公司太大，不能顺利运转。很显然错的。选项D：行会对解决劳资之间的关系起积极主动作用。正确，从文章最后几行可知。故应选D。
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