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  3. In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 — 45, choose the most suitable one from the list A — G

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 — 45, choose the most suitable one from the list A — G

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问题     In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 — 45, choose the most suitable one from the list A — G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)
    When you read this sentence to yourself, it’s likely that you hear the words in your head. Now, in what amounts to technological telepathy, others are on the verge of being able to hear your inner dialogue too. By peering inside the brain, it is possible to reconstruct speech from the activity that takes place when we hear someone talking.
    Because this brain activity is thought to be similar whether we hear a sentence or think the same sentence, the discovery brings us a step closer to broadcasting our inner thoughts to the world without speaking. 【R1】______
    Imagine a musician watching a piano being played with no sound, says Brian Pasley at the University of California, Berkeley. "If a pianist were watching a piano being played on TV with the sound off, they would still be able to work out what the music sounded like because they know what key plays what note," Pasley says. His team has done something analogous with brain waves, matching neural areas to their corresponding noises.
    How the brain converts speech into meaningful information is a bit of a puzzle. 【R2】______
    The team presented spoken words and sentences to【C15】______people having surgery for epilepsy or a brain tumour. Electrodes recorded neural activity from the surface of the superior and middle temporal gyri - an area of the brain near the ear that is involved in processing sound. From these recordings, Pasley’s team set about decoding which aspects of speech were related to what kind of brain activity.
    【R3】______"The features they can get out of this area are the ones that are really important to understanding speech. "
    Pasley’s team were able to correlate many of these aspects of speech to the neural activity happening at the same time. They then trained an algorithm to interpret the neural activity and create a spectrogram from it. 【R4】______
    They also used a second program to convert the reconstructed spectrogram into audible speech. 【R5】______
    Crucial to future applications of this research is evidence that thinking of words promotes activity in the brain that resembles hearing those words spoken aloud.
    "We know that for much of our sensory processing, mental imagery activates very similar networks," says Steven Laureys at the University of Liege, Belgium. We need to be able to show that just thinking about the words is enough, which would be useful in a medical setting, especially for locked-in patients, he says.
[A]The basic idea is that sound activates sensory neurons, which then pass this information to different areas of the brain where various aspects of the sound are extracted and eventually perceived as language. Pasley and colleagues wondered whether they could identify where some of the most vital aspects of speech are extracted by the brain.
[B]The implications are enormous - people made mute through paralysis or locked-in syndrome could regain their voice. It might even be possible to read someone’s mind.
[C]"People listening to the audio replays may be able to pull out coarse similarities between the real word and the constructed words," says Pasley. When New Scientist listened to the words, they could just about make out "Waldo" and "structure". However, its fidelity was sufficient for the team to identify individual words using computer analysis.
[D]"The area of the brain that they are recording from is a pathway somewhere between the area that processes sound and the area that allows you to interpret it and formulate a response," says Jennifer Bizley, an auditory researcher at the University of Oxford.
[E]Frank Guenther at Boston University, Massachusetts, has interpreted brain signals that control the shape of the mouth, lips and larynx during speech to work out what shape a person is attempting to form with their vocal tract and hence what speech they are trying to make.
[F]This is a graphical representation of sound that plots how much of what frequency is occurring over a period of time. They tested the algorithm by comparing spectrograms reconstructed solely from neural activity with a spectrogram created from the original sound.
[G]Auditory information is processed in a similar way in all of us so in that sense the new model can be applied to everyone, says Pasley, but the settings certainly need to be tuned to the individual because of anatomical differences across brains.
【R4】
选项
答案F
解析 本题考查上下文衔接，空格出现在第七段末。空格上文(第七段前两句)指出，帕斯利的研究小组已经能够把语言的很多特性与神经活动建立联系，然后他们设计出了一种算法，以对神经活动进行说明并根据它绘制声谱图。空格下文(第八段段首)指出，他们还采用另一程序将声谱图转换为语音。据此可推知空格处内容应为对声谱图的进一步说明介绍。[F]选项首先解释了“声谱图”是什么，然后指出研究者通过比较“原始的”和“根据神经活动构建的”声谱图，来测试他们发明的算法。该选项中This同指上文的spectrogram(声谱图)，the algorithm照应上文的an algorithm，而spectrograms reconstructed solely from neural activity照应上文的create a spectrogram from it(neural activity)。
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