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  3. Working at nonstandard times—evenings, nights, or weekends—is taking its toll on American families. One-fifth of all employed Am

Working at nonstandard times—evenings, nights, or weekends—is taking its toll on American families. One-fifth of all employed Am

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问题     Working at nonstandard times—evenings, nights, or weekends—is taking its toll on American families. One-fifth of all employed Americans work variable or rotating shifts, and one-third work weekends, according to Harriet B. Presser, sociology professor at the University of Maryland. The result is stress on familial relationships, which is likely to continue in coming decades.
    The consequences of working irregular hours vary according to gender, economic level, and whether or not children are involved. Single mothers are more likely to work nights and weekends than married mothers. Women in clerical, sales or other low-paying jobs participate disproportionately in working late and graveyard shifts.
    Married-couple households with children are increasingly becoming dual-earner households, generating more split-shift couples. School-aged children, however, may benefit from parents’ nonstandard work schedules because of the greater likelihood that a parent will be home before or after school. On the other hand, a correlation exists between nonstandard work schedules and both marital instability and a decline in the quality of marriages.
    Nonstandard working hours mean families spend less time together for dinner but more time together for breakfast. One-on-one interaction between parents and children varies, however, based on parent, shift, and age of children. There is also a greater reliance on child care by relatives and by professional providers.
    Working nonstandard hours is less a choice of employees and more a mandate of employers. Presser believes that the need for swing shifts and weekend work will continue to rise in the coming decades. She reports that in some European countries there are substantial salary premiums for employees working irregular hours — sometimes as much as 50% higher. The convenience of having services available 24 hours a day continues to drive this trend.
    Unfortunately, says Presser, the issue is virtually absent from public discourse. She emphasizes the need for focused studies on costs and benefits of working odd hours, the physical and emotional health of people working nights and weekends, and the reasons behind the necessity for working these hours. "Nonstandard work schedules not only are highly prevalent among American families but also generate a level of complexity in family functioning that needs greater attention," she says.
What is the author’s attitude towards working irregular hours?
选项 A、Positive.
B、Negative.
C、Indifferent.
D、Objective.
答案D
解析 文章第一段谈到，非正常工作时间上班对美国家庭造成了损失；第二段叙述了美国的非正常工作时间上班的种种情况：第三、四段介绍了这种做法造成婚姻不稳定和婚姻质量的下降、家庭成员相聚时间太少；最后两段将美国与其他国家进行对比，用Presser教授的话表达了对这一问题的看法。阅读全文，我们可知作者对非正常工作时间上班持谨慎的态度，没有明确地表态支持或是反对。尽管文中难免夹杂一些同情或遗憾的语气，但作者的态度是客观的。
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