首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Landfills You have just finished your meal at a fast food restaurant and you throw your uneaten food, food wrappers, drink c
Landfills You have just finished your meal at a fast food restaurant and you throw your uneaten food, food wrappers, drink c
admin
2013-05-19
60
问题
Landfills
You have just finished your meal at a fast food restaurant and you throw your uneaten food, food wrappers, drink cups, utensils and napkins into the trash can. You don’ t think about that waste again. On trash pickup day in your neighborhood, you push your can out to the curb, and workers dump the contents into a big truck and haul it away. You don’t have to think about that waste again, either. But maybe you have wondered, as you watch the trash truck pull away, just where that garbage ends up.
Americans generate trash at an astonishing rate of four pounds per day per person, which translates to 600,000 tons per day or 210 million tons per year! This is almost twice as much trash per person as most other major countries. What happens to this trash? Some gets recycled(回收利用)or recovered and some is burned, but the majority is buried in landfills.
How Much Trash Is Generated?
Of the 210 million tons of trash, or solid waste, generated in the United States annually, about 56 million tons, or 27 percent, is either recycled( glass, paper products, plastic, metals)or composted(做成堆肥)(yard waste). The remaining trash, which is mostly unrecyclable, is discarded.
How Is Trash Disposed of?
The trash production in the United States has almost tripled since 1960. This trash is handled in various ways. About 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composted, 16 percent is burned and 57 percent is buried in landfills. The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since 1960. The United States ranks somewhere in the middle of the major countries( United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, France and Japan)in landfill disposal. The United Kingdom ranks highest, burying ’about 90 percent of its solid waste in landfills.
What Is a Landfill?
There are two ways to bury trash:
Dump - an open hole in the ground where trash is buried and that is full of various animals( rats, mice, birds).(This is most people’ s idea of a landfill! )
Landfill - carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground in which trash is isolated from the surrounding environment(groundwater, air, rain). This isolation is accomplished with a bottom liner and daily covering of soil.
Sanitary landfill - landfill that uses a clay liner to isolate the trash from the environment
Municipal solid waste(MSW)landfill - landfill that uses a synthetic(plastic)liner to isolate the trash from the environment
The purpose of a landfill is to bury the trash in such a way that it will be isolated from groundwater, will be kept dry and will not be in contact with air. Under these conditions, trash will not decompose(腐烂)much. A landfill is not like a compost pile, where the purpose is to bury trash in such a way that it will decompose quickly.
Proposing the Landfill
For a landfill to be built, the operators have to make sure that they follow certain steps. In most parts of the world, there are regulations that govern where a landfill can be placed and how it can operate. The whole process begins with someone proposing the landfill. In the United States, taking care of trash and building landfills are local government responsibilities. Before a city or other authority can build a landfill, an environment impact study must be done on the proposed site to determine:
the area of land necessary for the landfill
the composition of the underlying soil and bedrock
the flow of surface water over the site
the impact of the proposed landfill on the local environment and wildlife
the historical value of the proposed site
Building the Landfill
Once the environmental impact study is complete, the permits are granted and the funds have been raised, then construction begins. First, access roads to the landfill site must be built if they do not al ready exist. There roads will be used by construction equipment, sanitation(环卫)services and the general public. After roads have been built, digging can begin. In the North Wake Country Landfill, the landfill began 10 feet below the road surface.
What Happens to Trash in a Landfill?
Trash put in a landfill will stay there for a very long time. Inside a landfill, there is little oxygen and little moisture. Under these conditions, trash does not break down very rapidly. In fact, when old land fills have been dug, up or sampled, 40 - year - old newspapers have been found with easily readable print. Landfills are not designed to break down trash, merely to bury it. When a landfill closes, the site, especially the groundwater, must be monitored and maintained for up to 30 years!
How Is a Landfill Operated?
A landfill, such as the North Wake County Landfill, must be open and available every day. Customers are typically municipalities and construction companies, although residents may also use the landfill.
Near the entrance of the landfill is a recycling center where residents can drop off recyclable materials(aluminum cans, glass bottles, newspapers and paper products). This helps to reduce the amount of material in the landfill. Some of these materials are banned from landfills by law because they can be re cycled.
As customers enter the site, their trucks are weighed at the scale house. Customers are charged tip ping fees for using the site. The tipping fees vary from $10 to $ 40 per ton. These fees are used to pay for operation costs. The North Wake County Landfill has an operating budget of approximately $ 4.5 mil lion, and part of that comes from tipping fees. Along the site, there are drop - off stations for materials that are not wanted or legally banned by the landfill. A multi - material drop - off station is used for tires, motor oil, lead - acid batteries. Some of these materials can be recycled.
In addition, there is a household hazardous waste drop - off station for chemicals( paints, pesticides, other chemicals)that arc banned from the landfill. These chemicals are disposed of by private companies. Some paints can be recycled and some organic chemicals can be burned in furnaces or power plants.
Other structures alongside the landfill are the borrowed area that supplies the soil for the landfill, the runoff collection pond and methane(甲烷)station.
Landfills are complicated structures that, when properly designed and managed, serve an important purpose. In the future, new technologies called bioreactors will be used to speed the breakdown of trash in landfills and produce more methane.
To dispose of a ton of trash in a landfill, customers have to pay a tipping fee of __________.
选项
答案
$10 to $40
解析
此题的关键词是tipping fees.根据第八个问题可知第九题也应该在“How Is a Landfill Operated”中找。在第三段中“Customers are charged tipping fees vary from $10 to $40 per ton.”可得到第九题答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/gBg7777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
TheHumanBrainThebrainisthemostcomplexorganinhumanbody.Itproducesoureverythought,action,memory,feelingan
LandfilisYouhavejustfinishedyourmealatafastfoodrestaurantandyouthrowyouruneatenfood,foodwrappers,drinkc
Fortunatelycampussafety______(引起了公众和媒体的高度重视)sincelastyear’stragedy.
A、Theybothenjoyedwatchingthegame.B、Peopleweresurprisedattheirwinningthegame.C、Theybothfeltgoodabouttheresult
A、Atthebackoftheplane.B、Inthesmokingarea.C、ES,byawindow.D、ES,atthehackoftheplane.C
A、Amovie.B、Atheatre.C、Arestaurant.D、Apark.C
They____________(一定是误了火车),otherwisetheyshouldhavearrivedheretwohoursago.
Televisionnowplayssuchanimportantpartinmanypeople’slives.Itis【B1】______forustotrytodecidewhetheritisabless
A、Childrenrearedunderaverageconditionspossessaverageintelligence.B、Lackofopportunitypreventsthegrowthofintelligen
Spaceisfilledwithradiantenergyandbeyondearth’satmospherethisenergyflowsteadilyandintenselyfromthesun.Anabund
随机试题
患者李某,男,38岁,体温39.80C左右,日差不超过1℃。脉搏为110次/分,呼吸为24次/分,患者体重为45kg,紫绀明显,神志清楚,烦躁,呼吸困难,血气分析,动脉氧分压为40mmHg,二氧化碳分压为76mmHg。血氧饱和度为70%,根据以上临床表现,
结合人参的功效,说明该药的临床应用是什么?
关于原发性视网膜脱离描述正确的是
该患者检查最可能出现异常的是进一步应做的检查是
A.胰腺脓肿B.胰腺假性囊肿C.胰腺内分泌功能不全D.胰腺外分泌功能不全E.胰性腹水女性,55岁。1年前曾患重症急性胰腺炎.现消瘦、经常消化不良、大便4~6次/天。大便检查发现脂肪滴和肌纤维增多。该患者可能出现了哪种并发症
某8岁患儿,被诊断为“胆道蛔虫病”,经非手术治疗后症状缓解。医嘱给予患儿驱虫药治疗(每天1次)。该患儿服用驱虫药的时间应是
证券公司不可以在全国银行间债券市场上参加记账式国债的招标发行及竞争性定价过程,只能在证券交易所债券市场上参加。()
指出影响组织设计的四项主要因素即环境、战略、技术和组织结构的管理学者是()
标志着共产党和共产主义的旗帜在中国大地上树立起来的是()
【L1】【L3】
最新回复
(
0
)