首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
I should start by saying as clearly as I can that I love antibiotics. Recently I had dinner with a pediatrician friend, and she
I should start by saying as clearly as I can that I love antibiotics. Recently I had dinner with a pediatrician friend, and she
admin
2015-05-24
26
问题
I should start by saying as clearly as I can that I love antibiotics. Recently I had dinner with a pediatrician friend, and she told me the story of the day’s sickest child. Before she sent the child to the emergency room in an ambulance, she told me, she gave her 50 milligrams per kilogram of ceftriaxone, a powerful antibiotic.
"You probably saved her life," I said, and my friend nodded: it was possible. Antibiotics represent a huge gift in the struggle against infant and child mortality, a triumph(or actually, many triumphs)of human ingenuity and science over disease and death, since the antibiotic era began back in the fourth and fifth decades of the 20th century.
But new research is looking at questions about the complex effects of antibiotics—on bacteria, on individual children, and on populations—building on a greatly increased awareness of how powerful antibiotics can be, and how important it is to use them judiciously.
Over the past 15 years or so, spurred by new realizations—and new fears—about the risks of breeding resistant strains of bacteria, pediatricians in the United States have, as a group, cut back dramatically on prescribing antibiotics in situations where they may not be necessary. Parents, as a group, have become less likely to demand them.
"It’s actually been a remarkable change in practice from the mid-90s on," said Dr. Jonathan Finkelstein, a pediatrician at Boston Children’s Hospital who studies antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance, "and we did that by physicians and patients recognizing that antibiotics are quite effective, quite safe, but there’s no such thing as a free lunch, and as with any other medical decision, we have to weigh the risks and benefits of every treatment. "
There has been a lot of discussion about whether ear infections should always be treated with antibiotics, or whether in some situations(older child, less ill)"watchful waiting" might be appropriate—but it’s also true that many of us have become much more reluctant to diagnose ear infections in borderline cases.
In a study that Dr. Finkelstein and his colleagues published this year, looking at antibiotic use in children in Massachusetts, the rate at which antibiotics were dispensed to the youngest group(3 to 24 months)had decreased 24 percent by 2008—2009 from 2000—2001. That drop was largely driven by a declining rate of diagnosis of ear infections.
We always knew there were immediate risks to antibiotics. Children could have allergic reactions. They could get diarrhea. Babies could get unpleasant yeast infections—severe diaper rash, thrush in the mouth. But still, the thinking back when I trained was that after the antibiotics, the body would return to normal.
" When antibiotics were developed, they were miraculous for all the reasons that you know," said Dr. Martin J. Blaser, the chairman of medicine at New York University School of Medicine. "With few exceptions, there was almost no long-term toxicity that was identifiable, and so everybody thought that if you took an antibiotic, it could produce some immediate upset—it could produce a rash, loose bowels—and then everything would return to normal, bounce back to normal. But in fact there was no real exploration of that. It just became an article of faith. "
Dr. Blaser has devoted himself to a study of what is now called the microbiome, the bacterial population that lives on us and in us, and the effects of perturbing that population by antibiotic use. He and other researchers are asking questions about whether alterations in the microbiome may be linked to many different patterns of health, growth and disease. It’s an area of investigation that is still new, but changing quickly.
Last summer, Dr. Blaser’s group published a study in The International Journal of Obesity in which they analyzed growth data from a large group of British children: those treated with antibiotics when very young(under 6 months)showed increased weight gain by a year of age, and were 22 percent more likely to be overweight at age 3.
The influence of early antibiotics on the lungs has also been examined. A study in last month’s issue of the journal Pediatrics looked epidemiologically at another large population of children, and found an association between childhood antibiotic treatment and the later development of inflammatory bowel disease.
Every one of these researchers started with an antibiotic pledge of allegiance. " We clearly have to use antibiotics and are lucky to have them around," said Dr. Matthew P. Kronman, lead author on the bowel disease study, who is a specialist in pediatric infectious diseases at the Seattle Children’s Hospital. "It’s just that we are still learning what all of their effects are. "
According to what Dr. Jonathan Finkelstein has said in Paragraph Five, we can infer that______.
选项
A、there isn’t any harm or side-effect of using antibiotics
B、antibiotics help doctors remarkably in practice since the mid-90s
C、there may be some bad effects of using antibiotics we don’t know
D、doctors have to point out the risks of using antibiotics in treatment
答案
C
解析
推理判断题。由题干定位至第五段。由该段末尾处的there’s no such thing as a free lunch可知,使用抗生素也不可能只有好处没有坏处,故选[C],同时排除[A]。由该段中Jonathan医生的一番话可知,自(20世纪)90年代中期以来确实发生了变化,但变化的是医生们意识到使用抗生素会产生副作用,所以现在对任何一个治疗案例都会谨慎地使用抗生素,故排除[B];由第五段后半部分可知,研究者们努力让医生和病人都明白使用抗生素的利弊,医生目前也不十分清楚抗生素具体的副作用,故排除[D]。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/gDOO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
______hasbecometheworld’slargestexporteroffish.
PeterSturrockthinksthatthefieldofUFOstudyisinastateof______.
SuccessPersonalityAccordingtoaGallupsurvey,anumberofqualitiesarecommonamongsuccessfulpeople.Herearefiveof
ThesharpriseofEuropeanstockmarketsisaresultof
TheSkillsRequiredtoGetaGoodJob1.Academicskills1Communicationskills—understandandspeakthelanguagesin(1)______
Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,it’sonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottooma
TheproblemofacidrainoriginatedwiththeIndustrialRevolution,andithasbeengrowingeversince.Themoreaccuratescie
Therelationshipbetweenthehomeandmarketeconomieshasgonethroughtwodistinctstages.Earlyindustrializationbeganthep
没有一个人将小草叫做“大力士”,但是它的力量之大,的确是世界无比。这种力,是一般人看不见的生命力,只要生命存在,这种力就要显现,上面的石块,丝毫不足以阻挡,因为它是一种“长期抗战”的力,有弹性,能屈能伸的力,有韧性,不达目的不止的力。种子不落在肥
Bahrainioppositionactivistssayateenageboy
随机试题
属于神经垂体释放的激素是()
关于颅脑CT图像的窗宽、窗位选择,叙述正确的是
患者,女,43岁。乙型肝炎入传染科治疗,现ACT180U,食欲差,皮肤黄染,护士遵医嘱给予输液治疗。下列护士脱隔离衣的方法不正确的是()
根据《民事诉讼法》规定,我国法院与外国法院可以进行司法协助,互相委托,代为一定的诉讼行为,但哪些情况下我国法院应予以驳回或说明理由退回外国法院?()
甲公司采用配股方式进行融资,每10股配5股,配股价20元;配股前股价27元。最终参与配股的股权占80%。乙在配股前持有甲公司股票1000股.若其全部行使配股权,乙的财富()。(2020年卷Ⅰ、卷Ⅱ)
下列关于确定审计工作底稿的格式、要素、范围的相关说法中,正确的有()。
布鲁纳认为,知识的学习的三个过程是_______、_______和评价。
意志品质包括哪些方面?()(2015.湖北)
阅读下列材料,回答问题:材料一:我们党的纲领如下:以无产阶级革命军队推翻资产阶级,由劳动阶级重建国家,直至消灭阶级差别;采用无产阶级专政,以达到阶级斗争的目的——消灭阶级;废除资本主义制度,没收一切生产资料。
Evenyounganimalshavetheabilityto_____________________________(本能地适应环境).
最新回复
(
0
)