首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
1)People with diabetes have too much sugar in their blood, so a drug that lowers blood sugar ought to be a good treatment, right
1)People with diabetes have too much sugar in their blood, so a drug that lowers blood sugar ought to be a good treatment, right
admin
2011-03-10
35
问题
1)People with diabetes have too much sugar in their blood, so a drug that lowers blood sugar ought to be a good treatment, right?
2) Maybe not. Consider the diabetes drug Avandia, or rosiglitazone, which was approved in 1999.it lowers blood sugar, and about a million people in the United States have been talking it for Type 2 diabetes, the most common form of the disease. But last week, doctors reported that Avandia might increase the risk of heart attacks.
3) Heart disease is a major complication of diabetes, so a drug that could make the risk even worse is bad news indeed.
4) The jury is still out on Avandia. Meanwhile, patient advocates and some politicians and researchers are already denouncing it, and the Food and Drug Administration has issued a tepid "safety alert" telling patients to ask their doctors what to do while the agency "is carefully weighing several complex sources of data." Avandia’s manufacturer, GlaxoSmithKline, insists it is safe. Personal injury lawyers are advertising on the Internet for clients who think they were injured by the drug.
5) What happened here reflects a larger question—the tricky problem of how to judge whether a drug is safe and effective. Avandia was approved because it lowered blood sugar, and seemed safe in clinical trials.
6) But the real test of whether a drug is any good is how are the patients? Not their blood tests or X-rays or EKGs, but the people themselves, and not after just six months, but after years, especially if they have a chronic disease and will be talking medicine for the rest of their lives. Are those talking the drug more or less likely than people not talking it to have heart attacks, die or develop heart disease or other illnesses?
7) The problem is, it can take a long time and a lot of patients—and, therefore, a lot of money — to get a real picture of health and survival. That is especially true for something like heart disease, which develops slowly and is so common that it may be hard to detect a small increase in risk. Studies might have to go on for years instead of months, and include far more than the few thousand patients in whom drugs are typically tested before they get approved.
8) So instead of waiting to see if people die or have heart attacks, drug companies have looked for other traits that seem to correlate with health and survival and that could stand in as a yardstick—objective measures like blood pressure, cholesterol (胆固醇) levels, blood sugar or tests of heart function. Researchers call these measurements "surrogate endpoints," and the F. D.A.has encouraged companies to find surrogates that could reliably predict how patients would fare. These kinds of tests are seen as a way to streamline the drug approval process.
9) But reliable surrogates are hard to find. There are plenty of endpoints that in theory should do the job, but do not. Tumor size, for instance: there are drugs that Can shrink tumors without prolonging a patient’s life. Bone density is another example. Fluoride can increase it in people whose skeletons have thinned from osteoporosis (骨质疏松症) , so fluoride should prevent fractures. But it doesn’t, in fact, it makes fractures more likely, because it turns bones brittle.
10) Heart rhythm can also be deceptive. Certain medicines can stabilize dangerous, abnormal heartbeats in people who have had heart attacks—and yet have been found to increase their odds of dying. Cholesterol levels do not always tell the whole story, either. Hormone treatment in women after menopause (绝经期) can raise HDL (高密度脂蛋白) , the so-called good cholesterol, and so was expected to prevent heart disease— but does not. Similarly, researchers had high hopes for an experimental drug that raises HDL, but instead of preventing heart attacks the drug wound up increasing the risk.
11) Part of the problem is that surrogate endpoints do not always reflect what’s happening to the whole patient. The disease being treated may be too complicated to gauge with just one tool, and the drug in question may have many more effects than the one being measured.
12) Avandia, for instance, does a good job of lowering blood sugar. But it also activates a whole array of genes, and can cause weight gain, fluid retention, heart failure, anemia and unfavorable changes in lipid levels in the blood, according to an editorial last week in The New England Journal of Medicine. It’s not clear whether the drug’s benefits will trump its risks in the long run.
When Anandia was reported to increase the risk of heart attacks, ______.
选项
A、the whole society denounced it severely
B、personal injury lawyers advertised on the Internet offering services for patients who thought they were injured by it
C、F.D.A.responded quickly and banned the sale of the drug immediately
D、the manufacturer issued a "safety alert" telling patients to refer to their doctors
答案
B
解析
细节题。答案在第二至第四段,原文“Personal injury lawyers are advertising on the Internet for clients who think they were injured by the drug”可以找到正确答案。B和原文意思项符合,为最佳答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/gHYO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
HumanitiesDisciplinesInmanypeople’seyes,thehumanitiesdisciplinesseemtobedyingout.However,actually,students
Foraclearerpictureofwhatthestudentknows,mostofteachersuse【M1】_______anotherkindofexaminationinadditionto
Foraclearerpictureofwhatthestudentknows,mostofteachersuse【M1】_______anotherkindofexaminationinadditionto
Onethingthatdistinguishestheonlineworldfromtherealoneisthatitisveryeasytofindthings.TofindacopyofTheEc
FredCookeofSalfordturned90twodaysagoandtheworldhasbeenbeatingapathtohisdoor.Ifyouhaven’tnoticed,theback
FredCookeofSalfordturned90twodaysagoandtheworldhasbeenbeatingapathtohisdoor.Ifyouhaven’tnoticed,theback
A、securingfinancialaidB、persuadingU.S.tocompelIsraeltowithdrawitstroopsfromtheoccupiedterritoryC、gainingU.S.re
A、Goonlineandwaitforthedeliveryofthebookordered.B、Checkthelibrary’swebsiteandthengotothelibrary.C、Goonline
随机试题
在asp.net中有两种配置文件,数据库连接属于站点级连接,一般存放在()配置文件中.
Raji细胞是由Burkitt淋巴瘤患者分离下列哪种细胞而建株的
A.阴囊湿疹,瘙痒难忍,小便短赤B.尿频尿急,尿道灼痛,尿黄短少C.面目发黄,腹部痞闷,纳呆便溏D.腹痛下痢,赤白粘冻,里急后重E.急躁易怒,头痛目赤,胁痛便秘肝胆湿热证的临床表现有
患者,男,30岁。因进食油腻食物后4小时,感右上腹及剑突下钻顶样疼痛急诊入院。对该病人治疗原则不当的是
在劳动力市场发育比较成熟的情况下,企业支付的工资水平,应等于职工对企业所创造价值的()。
(用户名:22;账套:502;操作日期:20l2年1月31日)输入付款单据。2012年1月12日,以转账支票支付本月从A钢铁厂采购的不锈钢价税款及运费460500元。
远达化工厂急需一笔资金购买设备,该工厂与甲银行签订了借款合同,并请市医院出面担保。按照法律规定,该医院()。
下列法律责任形式中,属于行政责任的是()。
企业年金方案的主要内容包括()。(2008年5月二级真题)
对文中画线的句子说法不正确的一项是:下面对“我真也迷惑了”的原因概括正确的一项是:
最新回复
(
0
)