首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes studying the drives that s
The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes studying the drives that s
admin
2017-02-01
53
问题
The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes studying the drives that spur us out of bed in the morning, compel us to work or study hard and spark all manner of human endeavors. Indeed, a 1992 textbook actually documents 32 distinct theories of human motivation.
Given this diversity of thought, it’s easy to forget that for half a century, American society has been dominated by the psychological school known as behaviorism, or Skinnerian psychology. Although behaviorism and its fundamental principle of "positive reinforcement" have long since lost their sway in academic circles, the Skinnerian legacy remains powerful in every realm of daily life, from the home and classroom to the workplace. Don’t want to take the trash out? Do it, and you can go to the movies Friday night. Not in the mood for work? Keep plugging away, and you might get a bonus. Not interested in calculus? Strive for an A in the class, and you’ll make the honor roll. The theory may be bankrupt, but incentives and rewards are so much a part of American culture that it’s hard to imagine life without them.
Yet that’s exactly what a growing group of researchers are advocating today. A steady stream of research has found that rather than encouraging motivation and productivity, rewards actually can undermine genuine interest and diminish performance. "Our society is caught in a whopping paradox," asserts Alfie Kohn, author of the new book Punished by Rewards(Houghton Mifflin), which surveys recent research on the effectiveness of rewards. "We complain loudly about declining productivity, the crisis of our school and the distorted values of our children. But the very strategy we use to solve those problems—dangling rewards like incentive plans and grade and candy bars in front of people—is partly responsible for the fix we’re in."
It’s tough argument to make in a culture that celebrates the spoils of success. Yet study after study shows that people tend to perform worse, to give up more easily and to lose interest more quickly when a reward is involved. Children who are given treats for doing artwork, for example, lose their initial love of art within weeks. Teenagers who are promised a reward for tutoring youngsters don’t teach as enthusiastically as tutors offered nothing. And chief executive officers who have been awarded long-term incentive plans have often steered their companies toward lower returns.
According to behaviorism, all human actions _____.
选项
A、are based on stimulus and response
B、have no bearing on human drives
C、are supposed to be highly motivated
D、are of a great mystery
答案
A
解析
第2段第2句提到行为主义的根本理论是正面性强化理论,随后举例说明要对人的行为进行刺激,A是正确的。根据第2段首句的this diversity of thought(即第1段末提到的theories of human motivation),it’s easy to forget...可知“动机理论”与下文讲到的行为主义的正面性强化理论是不一样的理论,故C不正确。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/gaF7777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
A、Jointhecommunityserviceprogram.B、Interviewsomeimmigrants.C、Visitsomeimmigrants.D、TeachEnglishasapart-timejob.
InAmerica,marriageisamatterofindividualresponsibilityanddecisionfortheyoung.Theyhavetheirownrightto【B1】_____t
Londonersaregreatreaders.Theybuyvastnumbersofnewspapersandmagazinesandevenofbooks—especiallypaperbacks,which
A、Abillinthesenate.B、Arefusalofthebill.C、Anapprovalofthebill.D、Arefusaltoreadthebill.B
A、Davidneedstobalancehistimewithasociallife.B、Davidisfallingbehindhisfriendsinschool.C、Davidisworkinghardu
A、Patrollingthestreets.B、Doingundercoverwork.C、Doingdetectivework.D、Supervisinginvestigations.D
A、Itwillconfineustothefourwalls.B、Wewillhaveunlimitedfreedom.C、Therichwillbeevenricher.D、Educationwillbewi
Forgetthewidelyunlovedredesign.Facebookhascommittedagreateroffense.AccordingtoanewstudybydoctoralcandidateAry
A、Afitnessprogramofferedtothegeneralpublic.B、Aphysicalexercisetobuildupmuscles.C、Aprogramthatmakespeoplekeep
青藏铁路是世界上线路最长海拔(elevation)最高的高原铁路,被誉为“天路”(RoadtotheHeaven)。
随机试题
魏碑:仿宋:字体
论述决策的影响因素。
药物的首过消除可能发生于
新安装或长期停用的电动机,使用前应检查电动机定子、转子绕组各相之间和各绕组对机壳之间的绝缘电阻,应不小于4Ω。()
导致申请专利的发明创造在申请日前6个月内丧失新颖性的情形是()。
因为工作失误导致群众上访。你怎么处理?
作战半径是指战机携带正常作战载荷,在不进行空中加油,自机场起飞,沿指定航线飞行,执行完任务后,返回原机场所能达到的最远单程距离。根据上述定义,下列关于作战半径的说法一定正确的是:
号称拥有“运动员血液”的芬兰运动员埃罗·门蒂兰塔参加过4届冬奥会,共获7块奥运奖牌。有趣的是,门蒂兰塔几次在赛后血液检查中都被怀疑使用违禁药品,因为他血液中的红细胞数比其他运动员多出20%以上。科学家在调查了门蒂兰塔家族多达200人的血液样本后发现,门蒂兰
关于固定利率和浮动利率,下列说法正确的是()。
默认情况下,远程桌面用户组(RemoteDesktopUsers)成员对终端服务器__________。(2010年下半年试题)
最新回复
(
0
)