2. 外语
  3. Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards，from【C1】______praise to cold cash，affect motivation and creativity．

Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards，from【C1】______praise to cold cash，affect motivation and creativity．

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问题    Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards，from【C1】______praise to cold cash，affect motivation and creativity．Behaviorists，【C2】______research the relation【C3】______actions and their consequences argue that rewards Can improve performance at work and school．Cognitive researchers，who study various aspects of mental life，maintain【C4】______rewards often destroy creativity【C5】______encouraging dependence【C6】______approval and gifts from others．
   The latter view has gained many supporters，especially【C7】______educators．But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks【C8】______in grade-school children，suggesting【C9】______properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness，【C10】______to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology．
   “If kids know they’re working for a【C11】______and can focus【C12】______a relatively challenging task，they show the most creativity”，says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark．“But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for【C13】______performance or creating too【C14】______anticipation for rewards．”
   A teacher【C15】______continually draws attention to rewards or who hands【C16】______high grades for ordinary achievement ends up【C17】______discouraged students，Eisenberger holds．【C18】______an example of the latter point，he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing【C19】______
   In earlier grades，the use of so-called token economies，in【C20】______students handle challenging problem sand receive performance-based points toward valued rewards，shows promise in raising effort and creativity，the Delaware psychologist claims．
【C4】
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