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  3. Aesthetics is broader in scope than the philosophy of art, which comprises one of its branches, It deals not only with the natur

Aesthetics is broader in scope than the philosophy of art, which comprises one of its branches, It deals not only with the natur

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问题     Aesthetics is broader in scope than the philosophy of art, which comprises one of its branches, It deals not only with the nature and value of the arts but also with those responses to natural objects that find expression in the language of the beautiful and the ugly. 【61】A problem is encountered at the outset, however, for terms such as beautiful and ugly seem too vague in their application and too subjective in their meaning to divide the world successfully into those things that do, end those that do not, exemplify them. Almost anything might be seen as beautiful by someone or from some point of view; and different people apply the word to quite disparate objects for reasons that often seem to have little or nothing in common. It may be that there is some single underlying belief that motivates all of their judgments. 【62】It may also be, however, that the term beautiful has no sense except as the expression of an attitude, which is in turn attached by different people to quite different states of affairs.
    【63】Moreover, in spite of the emphasis laid by philosophers on the terms beautiful and ugly, it is far from evident that they are the most important or most useful either in the discussion and criticism of art or in the description of that which appeals to us in nature To convey what is significant in a poem we might use such terms as ironical, moving, expressive, balanced, and harmonious. Likewise, in describing a favorite stretch of countryside, we may find more use for peaceful, soft, atmospheric, harsh, and evocative, than for beautiful. 【64】The least that should be said is that beautiful belongs to a class of terms from which it has been chosen as much for convenience’s sake as for any sense that it captures what is distinctive of the class.
    At the same time, there seems to be no clear way of delimiting the class in question — not at least in advance of theory. 【65】Aesthetics must therefore cast its net more widely than the study either of beauty or of other aesthetic concepts if it is to discover the principles whereby it is to be defined. We are at once returned, therefore, to the vexing question or subject matter: What should a philosopher study in order to understand such ideas as beauty and taste?
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答案然而，一开始就碰到了问题，因为像“美丽”和“丑陋”这样的字眼，使用起来似乎太模糊，意思上又大主观，并不能按照代表关或丑的事物轻易把世界分成两大类别。
解析     在句子结构上，本题的主干是A problem is encountered at the outset，其后的however看作插入语(它表达的是本句与上一句之间的关系)，而for后则是句子的原因状语从句。在这一从句中，主语是terms，谓语是seem，其后并列的两个too与to构成固定搭配too...to...结构，而that do(exemplify them)及that do not exemplify them是两个定语从句，分别修饰those things和those。由于属于长句，因此翻译时应采取拆译法．词汇方面，一是注意主句被动语态的翻译；二是注意exemplify指的是“是…的典型，标志着…”。
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