首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Ⅰ. Plato’s idea of goodness and justice A. A good and just society depends on【1】of 3 groups of people: —workers — soldi
Ⅰ. Plato’s idea of goodness and justice A. A good and just society depends on【1】of 3 groups of people: —workers — soldi
admin
2013-11-29
54
问题
Ⅰ. Plato’s idea of goodness and justice
A. A good and just society depends on【1】of 3 groups of people:
—workers
— soldiers
— leaders
B. A good society can happen if workers and soldiers learn【2】
C. A person can be said to be good, Plato believes, if he brings
— desires
— emotions
— intellect
in【3】
Ⅱ. Aristotle’s idea of HappinessA. Aristotle is interested in【4】
Distinction between
1. extrinsic value &
2. intrinsic valueB. Distinction
1. extrinsic value not for themselves
2. intrinsic value【5】e. g. 1. Exercise
If one emphasis the value of exercise for itself than he recognize【6】value of exercises
2. Health
If health enables me to do a lot of other things, then health had【7】
3. teaching
Teaching does not have【8】for all people. C. Happiness
1. All agree that happiness is【9】to be valued for itself and only for itself.
2. What is happiness?
His criteria is True human happiness should be the【10】
Aristotle’s Theory of Happiness
Today, we are going to discuss Aristotle’s ethical theory. Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher. What Aristotle’s ethical theory all about is to show you how to be happy—what true happiness is.
Now, why is he interested in human happiness? It’s not just because it’s something that all people want or aim for. It’s more than that. But to get there we need to first make a very important distinction. Let me introduce a couple of technical terms: extrinsic value and intrinsic value.
To understand Aristotle’s interest in happiness, you need to understand this distinction.
Some things we aim for and value, not for themselves but for what they bring about in addition to themselves. If I value something as a means to something else, then it has what we will call "extrinsic value. " Other things we desire and hold to be valuable for themselves alone. If we value something not as a means to something else, but for its own sake, let us say that it has "intrinsic value. "
Exercise. There may be some people who value exercise for itself, but I don’t. I value exercise because if I exercise, I tend to stay healthier than I if I didn’t. So I desire to engage in exercise and I value exercise extrinsically . . . not for its own sake, but as a means to something beyond it. It brings me good health.
Health. Why do I value good health? Well, here it gets a little more complicated for me. Urn, health is important for me because I can’t . . . do other things I want to do—play music, teach philosophy—if I’m ill. So health is important to me—has value to me—as a means to a productive life. But health is also important to me because I just kind of like to be healthy—it feels good. It’s pleasant to be healthy, unpleasant not to be. So to some degree I value health both for itself and as a means to something else: productivity. It’s got extrinsic and intrinsic value for me.
Then there are some things that are just valued for themselves. I’m a musician, not a professional musician; I just play a musical instrument for fun. Why do I value playing music? Well, like most amateur musicians, I only play, because, well, I enjoy it. It’s something that’s an end in itself.
Now, something else I value is teaching. Why? Well, it brings in a modest income, but I could make more money doing other things. I’d do it even if they didn’t pay me. I just enjoy teaching. In that sense it’s an end to itself.
But teaching’s not something that has intrinsic value for all people—and that’s true generally. Most things that are enjoyed in and of themselves vary from person to person. Some people value teaching intrinsically, but others don’t.
So how does all this relate to human happiness? Well, Aristotle asks: is there something that all human beings value . . . and value only intrinsically, for its own sake and only for its own sake? If you could find such a thing, that would be the universal final good, or truly the ultimate purpose or goal for all human beings. Aristotle thought the answer was yes. What is it? Happiness. Everyone will agree, he argues, that happiness is the ultimate end to be valued for itself and really only for itself. For what other purpose is there in being happy? What does it yield? The attainment of happiness becomes the ultimate or highest good for Aristotle.
The next question that Aristotle raises is: what is happiness? We all want it; we all desire it; we all seek it. It’s the goal we have in life. But what is it? How do we find it? Here he notes, with some frustration, people disagree.
But he does give us a couple of criteria, or features, to keep in mind as we look for what true human happiness is. True human happiness should be, as he puts it, complete. Complete in that it’s all we require. Well, true human happiness . . . if you had that, what else do you need? Nothing.
And, second, true happiness should be something that I can obtain on my own. I shouldn’t have to rely on other people for it. Many people value fame and seek fame. Fame for them becomes the goal. But, according to Aristotle, this won’t work either, because fame depends altogether too much on other people. I can’ t get it on my own, without help from other people.
Now, we have learned about Aristotle’s ethical theory. I hope you’ll find it useful in guiding your own life and make it a happy one.
选项
答案
harmony
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/grZO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Itwas______colonistswhofirstsettledCanada.
VirginiaWoolfwasanimportantfemale______inthe20th-centuryEngland.
IntheIndustrialRevolution,GeorgeStephensoninvented
The18thcenturyproducedthefirstEnglishnovelistsfallingintotwogroups;thesentimentalistnovelistsandthe
Inaway,D-DaysumsupforusthewholeofWorldWarII.Itwasthefrontalclashoftwoideas,acollisionbetweenthepossibi
来美国求学的中国学生与其他亚裔学生一样,大多非常刻苦勤奋,周末也往往会抽出一天甚至两天的时间去实验室加班,因而比起美国学生来,成果出得较多。我的导师是亚裔人,嗜烟好酒,脾气暴躁。但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识,也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。因此,在他
Inthesummerof1896,Mr.WilliamHolt,awealthymanufacturerofChicago,waslivingtemporarilyinalittletownofcentralN
______isthefirstweekdayafterChristmas,alegalholidayintheUK,AustraliaandNewZealand.
Parakey:SharingOnlineBecomesEverEasierTodayarecipeisn’tpassedonattheThanksgivingtableanymore.It’scommunicat
Parakey:SharingOnlineBecomesEverEasierTodayarecipeisn’tpassedonattheThanksgivingtableanymore.It’scommunicat
随机试题
按人类社会的演进过程所划分的后工业社会时期的经济结构是以哪类产业为主导的:
下列各句中均有词类活用,找出这些词语,并说明活用后表示的意义。重爭士橐,非下也,權重也。
A体外冲击波碎石B膀胱切开取石C膀胱镜机械碎石D中药排石E自行排石男性,69岁,B超发现膀胱内结石直径1.5cm,合并膀胱憩室,适用何种治疗
男性,28岁。低热、乏力伴左上腹肿块半年,检查肝肋下3cm,脾肋下8cm。化验:Hb:85g/L,白细胞:100×109/L,骨髓象:原始粒细胞3%,Ph1染色体阳性,正确治疗应为
《医疗事故处理条例》规定,医患双方不能确定患者死因或对死因有异议时,应在患者死亡后多长时间内进行尸检,或者具备尸体冻存条件的,可以延长至多少天
这不过是一道常规力学试题,他如果不是______了公式,怎么也不会解不出来的。填入划横线部分最恰当的一项是()。
我国公民在我国领域外犯罪的,适用我国刑法,但是按照我国刑法规定的最高刑为3年以下有期徒刑的,___________。
In2009theEuropeanCommissioncarriedoutaninvestigationintoMicrosoft.TheAmericansoftwaregianttiedInternetExplorer,
Insomesocietiesitisthecustomforparentstoarrangethemarriagesoftheirchildren.Oftenthebrideandgroomwillnotbe
A、Thereisalackofartisticenvironment.B、Itisalonelyplace.C、Thereisalackofsnow.D、Youcangetrefreshedatthebea
最新回复
(
0
)